Coon's Plates (from The Races of Europe)

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Index of photographic plates and accompanying comments from The Races of Europe, Carleton S. Coon, The MacMillian Company, New York, 1948

Plate 1 -- Lapps and Samoyeds

Plate 2 -- Ugrian-speakers of Ladogan-racial Type

Plate 3 -- Mongoloid Influences in Eastern Europe and in Turkestan

Plate 4 -- Brünn Survivors in Scandinavia

Plate 5 -- Borréby Survivors in the North

Plate 6 -- Borréby Men in Germany and Elsewhere

Plate 7 -- East Baltics

Plate 8 -- Carpathian and Balkan Borréby-like Types

Plate 9 -- Upper Palaeolithic Survivals in Ireland

Plate 10 -- Upper Palaeolithic Survivals in Morocco

Plate 11 -- The Alpine Race in Germany

Plate 12 -- The Alpine Race in Western and Central Europe

Plate 13 -- Aberrant Alpine Forms in Western and Central Europe

Plate 14 -- Alpines from Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe

Plate 15 -- Asiatic Alpines

Plate 16 -- The Mediterranean Race in Arabia

Plate 17 -- Long-faced Mediterraneans of the Western Asiatic Highlands

Plate 18 -- Long-faced Mediterraneans of the Western Asiatic Highlands: The Irano-Afghan Race

Plate 19 -- Gypsies, Dark-skinned Mediterraneans, and South Arabian Veddoids

Plate 20 -- The Negroid Periphery of the Mediterranean Race

Plate 21 -- Mediterraneans from North Africa

Plate 22 -- Small Mediterraneans of Southern Europe

Plate 23 -- Atlanto-Mediterraneans from South-Western Europe

Plate 24 -- Blue-eyed Atlanto-Mediterraneans

Plate 25 -- The Mediterranean Reëmergence in Great Britain

Plate 26 -- The Pontic Mediterraneans

Plate 27 -- The Nordic Race: Examples of Corded Predominance

Plate 28 -- The Nordic Race: Examples of Danubian Predominance

Plate 29 -- The Nordic Race: Hallstatt and Keltic Iron Age Types

Plate 30 -- Exotic Nordics

Plate 31 -- Neo-Danubians

Plate 32 -- Nordics Altered by Northwestern European Upper Palaeolithic Mixture: I

Plate 33 -- Nordics Altered by Northwestern European Upper Palaeolithic Mixture: II

Plate 34 -- Nordics Altered by Mixture with South-Western Borréby and Alpine Elements

Plate 35 -- The Principle of Dinaricization

Plate 36 -- European Dinarics: I

Plate 37 -- European Dinarics: II

Plate 38 -- European Dinarics: III

Plate 39 -- European Dinarics: IV

Plate 40 -- Dinarics in Western Asia: I

Plate 41 -- Dinarics in Western Asia: II

Plate 42 -- Armenoid Armenians

Plate 43 -- Dinaricized Forms from Arabia and Central Asia

Plate 44 -- The Jews: I

Plate 45 -- The Jews: II

Plate 46 -- The Jews: III [FINAL PLATE]

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Plate 1
LAPPS AND SAMOYEDS

During the Late Pleistocene age, the post-glacial Mesolithic cultural period, descendants of Upper Palaeolithic hunters lived in North Africa, in most of Europe, and in western Siberia, where some of them merged into the ancestors of the mongoloid group of humanity. Even during the Upper Palaeolithic cultural period in western Europe, some of the hunting peoples showed incipiently mongoloid racial tendencies. Among the living descendants of these hunters, these tendencies are more common in the eastern groups than among those living in the west.

Aside from the Ainu, the Lapps represent the easternmost in locus of development of the basically white hunting groups which survived, and the only one which retained a non-agricultural economy until modern times. Their present location in northern Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula is probably recent, and their area of differentiation is believed to have been situated in the neighborhood of the Urals.

FIG. 1 (3 views, Lundborg and Linders, The Racial Characteristics of the Swedish Nation, Plate 28).
This Swedish Reindeer Lapp from Jiimtland shows no evidence of Nordic or
other non-Lappish admixture; he may be taken as the closest approximation to a Lappish prototype which may be found. Like the Lapps as a whole, he is short-statured, small-bodied, small-headed, and brachycephalic. His morphological resemblance to the Alpine race is striking; he is less mongoloid in appearance than some others of equal purity.

FIG. 2 (1 view, photo Martin Luther).An unmixed coastal Lapp from Norway, who looks just as Alpine as does Fig. 1.

FIG. 3 (1 view, photo Martin Luther).
Another unmixed coastal Lapp from Norway, who shows more of an incipiently mongoloid character than do the two preceding. Like the others, this.individual is brunet white in skin color, dark-haired and dark-eyed.

FIG. 4 (1 view, photo Martin Luther).
The incipiently mongoloid features found in some Lapps are usually more pronounced in the women than in the men. This Norwegian Lapp woman, who possesses these features,.is seen to resemble facially the type commonly known as "Slavic" or "East Baltic," in central and eastern Europe. There is nothing really mongoloid about these features; the resemblance is remote and collateral.

FIG.5. (1 view, photo Martin Luther).
This 18 year old Norwegian Lapp boy pos- sesses all of the most characteristically Lappish features of the face: a shallow mandible; a pointed, retreating chin; a lateral malar prominence; facial prognathism; a pointed and elevated nasal tip; and a low nasal bridge.

FIG. 6 (2 views, photo Martin Luther).
A Norwegian Lapp, with light skin, light eyes, and brown hair. Although considered a pure Lapp, this man has many Nordic traits. He is much more typical of the Lapps as a whole than are Figs. 1, 2, or 3, who were chosen to represent the Lappish prototype rather than the Lapps as a group.

FIG. 7 (3 views, Anthropological Laboratory, Institute of Peoples of the North, Leningrad).
A 20 year old Samoyed, from northern Russia. This young Samoyed, while by no means exaggeratedly mongoloid, is much more so than any unmixed Lapp; his coarse, black, and straight hair, his dark skin, and black iris color, as well as his facial features, show that he is at least partially descended from fully evolved mongoloid ancestors. Samoyeds vary greatly in mongoloid content; this individual seems to ap- proach the mean in this respect. The arrival of the Samoyeds in northern Europe was later than that of the Lapps; their point of departure in Asia farther east.

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Plate 2
UGRIAN-SPEAKERS OF LADOGAN-RACIAL TYPE

The Uralic linguistic stock; spoken by Lapps, Finns, Magyars, Asiatic Ugrians, and Samoyeds, is divided into Finno-Ugrian and Samoyedic. The Ugrian branch is today spoken by two widely separated groups, the Magyars of Hungary and Transylvania, and the Ostiaks and Voguls of the Obi drainage. The early Ugrians were presumably; like the Finns, Danubian-like or Nordic peoples of the middle Volga country, who ab- sorbed the older hunting population of the eastern European forest. Later the Ugrians were subjected to mongoloid influences at the times of Hunnish, Turkish, and Mongol invasions. The individuals shown on Plate 2 were chosen to illustrate in varying forms and degrees the old Ladogan racial type.

FIG. 1 (3 views). A Magyar from Budapest; a man of moderately tall stature, hyper- brachycephaly, and moderately great head size; with a large face, low orbits, a wide, interorbital distance, and a median eyefold. These characters, in combination with laterally prominent malars and a wide, heavy mandible, mark this individual as a La- dogin prototype. He represents a reemergence of a racial element living in the eastern European woodlands in early post-glacial times; this type is one of the general group of Palaeolithic survivors, in this case largely unreduced. As with the related Palaeolithic survivors of northwestern Europe, its tendency to blondism must be considered int- gral, and not the result of Nordic admixture. Like the Lapp this type is incipiently mongoloid, but it differs profoundly from the Lapp in pigmentation, general size, and in the size and structure of the mandible. This individual appears to recapitulate in many respects the original Ladogan strain found among the Ugrian-speaking ancestors of the Magyars who invaded Hungary from their home in the Volga country. While typical of a true Magyar element in his country, he is not typical of the population of Hungary as a whole.

FIG. 2 (3 views, Institute of Peoples of the North). An Ostiak woman from Siberia. The Ladogan facial features are usually better exemplified in women than in men. The. Ostiak woman shown above is as good a Ladogan prototype as the Magyar shown above. Note the blond hair, light eyes, the great interorbital distance, the broad, low- bridged nose with elevated snub tip, and the wide malars.

FIG. 3 (3 views, Institute of Peoples of the North). An Ostiak man with some Sam- oyed admixture; the hair is brown, the eyes mixed, the face freckled. In addition to the Ladogan element seen in the first two, this individual probably contains some evolved mongoloid admixture.

FIG. 4 (3 views, Institute of Peoples of the North). A Vogul man; showing more evi- dence of mongoloid admixture than the above. It must be emphasized that nearly all of the mongoloid racial factors possessed by the Ugrian speakers resident in Siberia were acquired after their shift of territory from European Russia to Asia.

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Plate 3
MONGOLOID INFLUENCES IN EASTERN EUROPE AND IN TURKESTAN

The invasions of mongoloid peoples from central Asia during the millennium from about 400 to 1400 A.D. caused the settlement of some Mongols proper (Kalmucks) near the mouth of the Volga, and the partial Mongolizing of some Finnic tribes, especially those which adopted Turkish speech. In Russian Turkestan erstwhile white populations became Mongolized in varying degrees.

FIG. 1 (2 views, photo B. N. Vishnevsky). This deeply brunet Chuvash, a member of a tribe of Turkicized Finns in what is now the Chuvash Republic of eastern Russia, rep- resents, in his facial features, either a pronounced early Ladogan prototype, or Mongol admixture, or both.

FIG. 2 (1 view, photo B.. N. Vishnevsky). A lighter-skinned, less mongoloid Chuvash. The median eyefold and snubbed nasal tip, with laterally oriented nostril axes, are Ladogan rather than mongoloid.

FIG. 3 (3 views, photo J. Wastl, Archiu fur Rassenbilder , Bildaufsatz 2, Archi vkarte 11, 1926. Herausgeber E. von Eickstedt, J. F. Lehmans Verlag, Munchen). A Bashkir member of another tribe of Turkicized Finns living in the Kazan district and the southern Urals. This individual is almost completely mongoloid in the central Asiatic sense.

FIG. 4 (2 views, photo Gordon T. Bowles). An Uzbeg from Russian Turkestan. The Uzbegs are Turkish-speaking inhabitants of the central Asiatic khanates, of mixed origin. This individual shows a partially mongoloid condition usual among these people.

FIG.5 (1 view, photo B. N. Vishnevsky). A Tajik from Russian Turkestan; the Ta- jiks are Iranian-speaking farmers inhabiting the oases of some of the khanates, and the Pamir mountains to the south.. While characteristically European in race, a few of the Tajiks show evidences of mongoloid admixture.

FIG. 6 (3 views, photo B. N. Vishnevsky). An Arabic-speaking native of Russian Turkestan. The remnants of the Arab invasions of the Middle Ages have been mostly absorbed by the Uzbegs, and those who retain their Semitic idiom have been in most cases racially altered. The old man shown here represents a common type in Turkestan regardless of speech or ethnic affiliation; a mixture between a mongoloid and a long- faced local Mediterranean strain, giving a pseudo-Armenoid appearance. Note the long, straight, coarse beard, a common feature among individuals of this type, which von Eickstedt calls Turanid.

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Plate 4
BRÜNN SURVIVORS IN SCANDINAVIA

All Upper palaeolithic survivors may be divided into two general groups (a) those who have been subjected to reduction in head size and bodily bulk, and who, have been partially foetalized in the course of the same process; and (b) those who retain the head size, bodily bulk, and masculinity of features characterstic of the Pleistocene hunters. Most of the latter group are to be found in northwestern Europe. Dolichocephalic individuals who recapitulate the metrical and morphological qualities of the Cro-Magnon and Brunn-Predmost Aurignacian people are commonest in Scandinavia and in Ireland. In Scandinavia they are found concentrated along the southern Swedish coast in the neighborhood of Goteborg, and in the mountains of southwestern Norway.

FIG. 1 (3 views). A Swede from Trollhatton, southern Sweden. This man is both tall and heavy; of lateral bodily build. His head is of prodigious length, his face nearly as wide as his cranial vault; all dimensions of the face are great, especially the width of the mandible; the distance between the eyes, and the heaviness of the browridges, are likewise remarkable. This individual recapitulates, as closely probably as any other living human being, the physical type of many of the hunters who lived in western and central Europe during the Laufen Interglacial and the last advance of the ice. Note that in his case, as with most of his type, only a partial degree of blondism is present.

FIG. 2 (3 views). Another Swede, in this case from Goteborg, a slightly less extreme example of the same type. Swedes of this type are habitually found in association with the sea. Both of these individuals, as well as Fig. 4, were measured and photo- graphed in a Boston shipyard.

FIG. 3 (3 views, from Alette Schreiner, Anthropologische Lokaluntersuchungen in Norge; Valle, Halandsdal, und Eidfjord. Oslo, 1930. #113). This Norwegian from the isolated mountain settlement of Valle in southwestern Norway represents the same basic type as the two men above; his face and mandible, however; are narrower; and his hair ash blond; admixture with Nordics is indicated.

FIG. 4 (3 views). The same conclusion is suggested in reference to this extremely long- faced and golden-haired Swede from Helsingborg. He is, however, much larger in head and face size, much heavier in body build, and heavier in the facial skeleton than any Nordic. The predominant strain is Upper Palaeolithic.

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Plate 5
BORREBY SURVIVORS IN THE NORTH

In the same districts of southern Sweden where Brunn survivors are found, and across the Skaggerrak in Jutland, are found brachycephalic Upper Palaeolithic survivors, equally unreduced in head and body size, equally if not more lateral in bodily build. The ancestors of, these people arrived on the western Baltic shores during the Late Mesolithic. Other colonies of them are to be found in the coastal districts of south- western Norway, and they form an element of primary importance in the population of Germany. In general, their present distribution is wider than that of their dolicho- cephalic counterparts.

FIG. 1 (3 views). A Dane from Jutland, very tall, heavy, lateral in build, with an enormous head and an extremely wide face. This individual is as exaggerated an ex- ample of the Borreby race as is #1 of the preceding plate of the Brunn race.

FIG. 2 (3 views). A Swede from Goteborg, representing more nearly the mean of the Borreby race as it is found today. Both this man and #1 are golden blond in hair color; the Borreby group seems to run lighter-haired than the Brunn.

FIG.3 (2 views, Bryn and Schreiner; Die Somtitologie der Norweger, Table 44, Fig. 121). This individual, while less brachycephalic than many of his compatriots, especially those in the Jaeren district, shows an essential affiliation to the Borreby race. The apparent facial flatness and the formation of the region of the nasal tip and the upper lip look "Irish"; this is an Upper Palaeolithic facial condition common both to Scandinavians and to British of Upper Palaeolithic type.

FIG.4 (1 View, Gudmundur Kamban, author of I See a Wondrous Land, G. P. Putnam & Sons, N. V.). A prominent Icelandic author, who presents the same facial features and belongs to the general Borreby racial type. Iceland was settled mainly from the coastal regions of Norway in which the Borreby race is prevalent; an important Irish increment may have added a similar racial element.

FIG. 5 (3 views). A Finnish example of the Borreby race. This Finn is more brachycephalic than most Borreby men; however his lateral bodily build, and his extreme breadth of face and mandible show that he is a trans-Baltic member.

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Plate 6
BORREBY MEN IN GERMANY AND ELSEWHERE

The Borreby race was a relatively late Mesolithic arrival in Scadinavia; its earlier seat was central Germany, with ramifications both to the east and the west. Today it is probably the one most important racial element in much of northern and central Ger- many, with wide ramifications elsewhere. Its German form is, however, seldom as exaggerated as that in the north. In this sense it is partly transitional to the Alpine race on the one hand, and to the Ladogan on the other.

FIG. 1 (2 views, Sailer, K., "Die Fehmaraner ," Deutsche Rassenkunde, vol. 4,1930, Tafel 41, #H-l1, #2193). A concentration of a specialized and exaggerated Borreby type or types is found on the island of Fehmaran, between the Danish Archipelago and Germany. The individual shown has especially heavy browridges and a great nasion depression. Others are often rounder-faced and usually show less exaggerated facial profiles. The browridges on this individual recall Upper Palaeolithic prototypes.

FIG.2 (1 view, C. W. Dupertuis, Century of Progress). A German Borreby type with the excessive head breadth of 175 mm., which must be one of the widest non-deformed head breadths ever measured. This width is greater than the lengths of some heads shown in this section.

FIG. 3 (3 views). A characteristic West-German Borreby type, from Stuttgart. The southwest-German Borreby nucleus has mixed with all invaders from the initial Neolithic onwards. It was with Borreby people from this region that the Bell-Beaker Folk mixed, before their invasion of Britain in the Early Bronze Age.

FIG. 4 (3 views). A metrically typical Borreby specimen, a White Russian from the region of Vilna. The presence of this type to the southeast of the Baltic establishes its continuity between Germany and Finland.

FIG. 5 (3 views). A North Italian from Lombardy, who, although brunet in hair color, conforms metrically and morphologically to the Borreby standard. He comes from typically Alpine and Dinaric territory.

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Plate 7
EAST BALTICS

The term East Baltic is properly applicable to a racial type of composite nature, found chiefly in northeastern Germany, Poland, the Baltic States, and Finland, although it also occurs sporadically in Sweden and elsewhere. It is a partially reduced Borreby derivative, with Ladogan and Nordic admixture.

FIG. 1 (2 views, Wide World photos). Field Marshal von Hindenburg, a native of East Prussia, and a classic example of the East Baltic racial type, to which many Prus- sians of the land-owning Junker class belong.

FIG. 2 (1 view, Pix Publications, Inc.). Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg, a suc- of von Hindenburg, derived from the same ethnic source and a member of the same racial category.

FIG. 3 (3 views). A Pole from Grodno. This individual approaches Borreby dimen- sions in the cranial vault.

FIG. 4 (3 views). A Lithuanian from the region of Vilna; who shows the Ladogan affiliation of this type clearly.

FIG. 5 (3 views). A Finn from Tampere, Tavastehus. This man seems to show more evidence of Nordic influence than the others. As these pictures show, the East Baltic is not a stable or a basic racial type, but a variable blend.

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Plate 8
CARPATHIAN AND BALKAN BORREBY-LIKE TYPES

Evidence of the survival of an extremely tall, brachycephalized, Upper Palaeolithic stock is found to a lesser extent in the Carpathians; and to a greater, in the nucleus of the Dinaric Alpine region, from Bosnia to northem Albania, and centered in Montene- gro. Although the presence of these nuclei cannot now be fully explained, it seems probable that they represent local survivals and reemergences of relatively unreduced Upper Palaeolithic populations. The Montenegrins are the tallest people in Europe; their tallness does not, however, imply a thin or linear build; their bodies are frequently thick-set, lateral in constitutional type.

FIG. 1 (3 views). A Carpatho-Russian, or Ruthenian, from the Polish Carpathians. His tall stature, heavy bony structure, large face, etc., point to a basic relationship with the unreduced Upper Palaeolithic survivors of the northwest.

FIG. 2 (3 views). A Montenegrin of aristocratic lineage; in the main an oversized, Upper Palaeolithic survivor, but brunet in pigmentation, like many of the Serbs to whom the Montenegrins are closely related, and who do not, as a rule, possess the over- sized characters of their mountain kinsmen.

FIG.3 (2 views, R. W. Ehrich photo). A blond Montenegrin with extreme width of the cranial vault and mandible.

FIG.4 (1 view); An Albanian from Malsia ë Madhë, near the Montenegrin border.

FIG. 5 (2 views). An Albanian from the clan of Shoshi in the isolated mountain tribe of Dukagin. This man is a blond giant with a broad, heavy-boned body; his face is shorter than the width of his mandible. The unreduced Upper Palaeolithic character of the local mountain type is clearly seen in this individual.

FIG. 6 (1 view). A tall, portly man from Malsia ë Madhë; his facial features show an approach to those of the smaller, less rugged form of the Alpine race, which is particu- larly strong in southem Albania.

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Plate 9
UPPER PALAEOLITHIC SURVIVALS IN IRELAND

Ireland was first settled in the post-glacial Mesolithic by people of Upper Palaeolithic type coming overland from Scotland. The Mesolithic cultural period was long and full in Ireland, and the subsequent invaders of this westernmost fringe of Europe have been unable to effect a genetic displacement of the strain introduced by the earliest human occupants. This strain has undergone an evolution of its own in Ireland, as the presence side by side of individuals showing various stages and types of change will make clear, .

FIG. 1 (3 views). County Cork. A man of medium stature but great body size, mas- sive bony structure and heavy musculature; a large head, heavy brows, deep, wide man- dible and projecting chin. This individual is a close Irish approximation to the Brunn race of Scandinavia. His golden hair is curly; curly hair is a local specialty of the Irish Upper Palaeolithic group. It is also, however, occasionally found among Lapps and Finns.

FIG.2 (2 views, photo C. W. Dupertuis). County Clare. Cork, Kerry, and Clare are the three Irish counties in which unreduced Palaeolithic survivors form the major ele- ment in the population. This large individual has ahead of full Brunn-Vorreby size di- mensions, but one that is intermediate between the two Scandinavian types in fom. This is typical of the Irish Palaeolithic group, which is characteristically mesocephalic. or sub-brachycephalic and forms a single unit in this respect. The individual depicted possesses a mandible of extreme width, comparable to the widest in Scandinavia. Note that the hair is red and the complexion florid; rufosity is closely linked to Upper Palaeo- lithic survival in Ireland.

FIG. 3 (1 view, photo C. W. Dupertuis). Another Clare man of similar type but less extreme dimensions. This type of Irishman is very common in America.

FIG. 4 (2 views, photo C. W. Dupertuis). An Irishman from Leitrim, whose facial features are typically Irish, and yet who approximates a Nordic form in most anthropo- metric dimensions. There may well have been Nordic mixture involved in the produc- tion of this type, taking the form of a simple reduction in lateral size dimensions. In any case the facial features are of pure Upper Palaeolithic inspiration.

FIG.5 (1 view). A Finn from Vasa (S. Ostrobothnia), who is anthropometrically and morphologically very close to the Irishman from Leitrim. The same curly hair, and the same conformation of the forehead, lips, and nose have produced a striking similar- ity. This and other evidence indicate that features which in Finns are often popularly supposed to be mongoloid are actually of European Upper Palaeolithic inspiration.

FIG.6 (2 views, photo C. W. Dupertuis). A small-headed, absolutely short-headed and snub-nosed youth from County Longford. This individual serves as an excellent example of the extreme in size reduction and in partial foetalization which has taken place in some Irish Upper Palaeolithic survivors, comparaple and parallel to the de- velopment of the Alpine race on the Continent.

FIG.7 (1 view). County Cork. An example of notable facial and alveolar progna- thism in the case of a dark-haired, light-eyed Irishman. This feature is commoner with Irish of a tall Mediterranean type than with the Upper Palaeolithic strain proper.

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Plate 10
UPPER PALAEOLITHIC SURVIVALS IN MOROCCO

During the Late Pleistocene North Africa was inhabited by the Afalou men, a race of tall, large-headed, heavy-boned, people with exaggeratedly rugged cranial and facial features comparable to those of the Cro-Magnon-Briinn group in Europe. This Afa- lou race bore with it a tendency to brachycephaly. In post-glacial time North Africa has been a highroad of invasion, from the eastern Mediterranean to Europe, and the survivors of those Afalou people who remained are to be found mostly in two refuge areas, the Moroccan Rif and the Canary Islands. Here only the Riffian group will be depicted. In the Rif, besides more numerous Mediterraneans, Nordics, and mixed types, the Afalou strain has survived or reemerged in recognizable form, and may be seen to have gone through an evolution parallel to that of European Upper Palaeolithic survivors in Ireland and on the continent of Europe. As in Europe. these survivors are often blond; as in Ireland. frequently rufous.

FIG. 1 (2 views). A sheikh of Targuist. Blond, metrically comparable to the Nordis, as in the case of the Irishman in

FIG. 4 of the preceding plate, but in the same sense un- Nordic in facial features; probably Nordic mixture is partly responsible.

FIG. 2 (2 views). A larger-headed, mesocephalic example of the same type, compa- rable in features to Northwest Europeans with Borreby blood; like the first example and wholly unlike the Nordic and Mediterranean strains in the Rif, this individual is lateral in constitutional type; heavy boned, and heavily muscled. This man is a fkih (schoo- master and leader of the mosque) in the Riffian tribe of Bern Ulishk.

FIG. 3 (2 views). The kaid or governor of the tribe of Targuist. For some unknown reason Riffians who hold public office usually belong to this physical type. The kaid is rufous, and like many Riffians, could pass for an Irishman if differently clothed and coiffured.

FIG. 4 (2 views). A very blond youth from the Senhajan tribe of Ktama, the most isolated spot in northern Morocco. Facially he resembles a southern Swede; closely similar individuals have been observed in the Canary Islands. The dimensions of his head are small, however; he must be regarded as a mesocephalic, cranially reduced type similar to the Irishman on plate 9,

FIG. 6.

FIG. 5 (2 views). A highland Beni Urriaghel Riffian; short-statured, laterally built, rufous; with a snub nose and short face; a reduced mesocephalic Afalou type.

FIG. 6 (1 view). A kaid of Taghzuth, a small tribe of Senhajan craftsmen located in the high mountain forest immediately west of the Rif. Rufous and exaggeratedly "Irish" in facial features.

FIG.7 (1 view). An old Riffian warrior, one of the Ulad Abd el Mumen clan in the Vale of Iherrushen, Gzennaya. Although indistinguishable metrically from many tall Mediterraneans, this individual possesses morphological features in the region of the eyes, nose, mouth, and jaw, which are clearly of Afalou inspiration, and which give him an "Irish" look.

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Plate 11
THE ALPINE RACE IN GERMANY

The Alpine race is a reduced Upper Palaeolithic survivor; Alpines are as a rule of but medium stature, and lateral in bodily build; their heads of moderate size and globu- lar; their faces characteristically round and their facial features slightly infantile. Their pigmentation ranges from blond to brunet, but is usually intermediate. The Alpines represent a reemergence of a brachycephalized and partially foetalized Palaeolithic sur- vival in the central highland and forest zone of Europe and Asia, all the way from the Pyrenees to the Pamirs. Alpines are at the root of all or nearly all the brachycephalic racial types throughout this entire expanse of territory. The Alpine territorial distribu- tion is not the result of an invasion or expansion, but of a parallel set of emergences. In Europe, southern Germany is the seat of one of the greatest Alpine concentrations in the continent. The best place in the world to find Alpines is in a Bavarian restaurant; that is where all four individuals on this plate were photographed and measured.

FIG. 1 (3 views). A metrically and morphologically perfect Alpine, from Branden- burg.

FIG. 2 (3 views). A tall, curly-haired, and portly Alpine from the Hirschenberg, near Miesbach, Upper Bavaria; this individual might be considered the quintessence of a Bavarian.

FIG. 3 (3 views). An Alpine from the Black Forest, Baden.

FIG. 4 (3 views). An Alpine from the Spreewald, of German, not Wendish, origin. The low brachycephalic index, and the relative fineness of the facial features indicate a tendency in a Nordic direction.