Coon's Plates (from The Races of Europe)

[Faísca]

Plate 20
THE NEGROID PERIPHERY OF THE MEDITERRANEAN RACE

In the deserts and highlands of Ethiopia, Eritrea, and the Somalilands is found a con- centration of several related Mediterranean types, mixed in varying degrees with ne- groes. To the west these partial whites border on Sudanese negroes; to the southwest the partially Hamitic tribes of Kenya and Uganda form art extension of the peripheral Mediterranean racial area. To the north, the Beja-Bisharin group of Hamitic-speaking nomads connect the East African Hamitic-speaking peoples with their wholly white Egyptian and Berber relatives of North Africa.

FIG. 1 (2 views). A Somali from the tribe of Mahmud Grade, British Somaliland. This Somali represents the closest approximation to a white man found among his people. The extreme narrowness of his head and face, the straight nasal profile, and the prominence of his chin, mark him as less negroid than many of his fellows. At the same time his skin is nearly black, his hair curly but not frizzly. The type to which this So- mali belongs is ancient in East Africa, as shown by the excavations of Leakey in Kenya. It is a specialized, locally differentiated Mediterranean racial form.

FIG. 2 (2 views). Closer to the standard Mediterranean type of Arabia and North Africa is this senile Agau, a member of a fast diminishing group of Hamitic-speaking aborigines in the kingdom of Gojjam in northern Ethiopia. Although his skin is dark, his hair is nearly straight, and his measurements as well as his cranial and facial fea- tures are purely or almost purely Mediterranean. He shows no visible signs of negroid admixture, although from a purely genetic standpoint some must be present.

FIG. 3 (2 views). This individual is a tall, slender Semitic-speaking Ethiopian from the kingdom of Shoa. Except for his hair form he is essentially white and Mediter- ranean. His skin is a sallow yellowish, of a hue often seen among attenuated negro- white hybrids in America.

FIG.4 (2 views). A Hamitic-speaking Wollega Galla, frizzly haired but otherwise not specifically negroid. There is a non-negroid brachycephalic strain in Ethiopia, with heavy browridges and a strong facial bony structure. This individual shows some traits characteristic of this element.

FIG. 5 (1 view, © Karakashian Bros. Tropical Photo Stores, Khartoum). The Mediterranean quality found among the partly negroid Beja and Bisharin is most evi- dent in the female sex. Their bodily build and breast form; as well as their facial fea- tures and hair form, show this especially. This Baggara woman from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan is less negroid than the majority.

[Faísca]

Plate 21
MEDITERRANEANS FROM NORTH AFRICA

FIG. 1 (2 views, photo Ales Hrdlicka. From Hrdlicka, A., Anthropometric Survey of the Natives Of Kharga Oasis, Egypt; MCSI, vol. 59, #1, Washington, D. C., 1912, pl. 14). An oasis dweller from Kharga. This extremely dolichocephalic, low-vaulted, and relatively low-nosed Mediterranean sub-type is typical of the inhabitants of the oases of the Libyan desert, in Siwa and Awjla, where Berber is spoken, as well as in Arabic- speaking Kharga.

FIG. 2 (2 views, photo N. Puccioni, Puccioni, N., Anthropometria delle Genti della Cire- naica, Firenze, 1936, Tab. XVI, #277). A tall, slender North African Arab from the tribe of el Hasa in Cyrenaica. The narrow, prominent nose, the sloping forehead, and the protruding occiput are features typical of the nomadic Arabs of North Africa from Cyrenaica to the Atlantic.

FIG. 3 (2 views, from Zeltner, F. de, " A Propos des Touareg du Sud," RA, vol. 25, 1915, p. 172;

FIG. 3 from original blocks). A young Bourzeinat Tuareg, from the region of Timbuctu; this southern Tuareg shows clearly the Mediterranean character of this Saharan Berber people. Pictures of unveiled Tuareg men are very rare.

FIG. 4 (2 views, photo H. H. Kidder). A moderately tall, long-faced Algerian Kabyle.

FIG. 5 (2 views); A small Mediterranean who may be taken as a type example of this race in its North African form. This individual is a Shluh Berber from the Sous, south- ern Morocco.

FIG. 6 (2 views). An equally standardized Mediterranean from the Riffian coastal tribe of Beni Itteft, northern Morocco. These two individuals may be considered repre- sentatives of the Mediterranean invaders who entered western Europe over Gibraltar in the Neolithic.

[Faísca]

Plate 22
SMALL MEDITERRANEANS OF SOUTHERN EUROPE

The earliest Neolithic invaders of the southern fringe of Europe were brunet Mediterraneans of small to moderate stature and moderate head size. Unaltered representatives of this type or group of types may be found today from Crete to Portugal.

FIG. 1 (3 views). A native of Crete, a perfect representative of the small Mediter- ranean race, similar metrically to the Mediterranean Yemenite Arabs shown on Plate 16, and identical, as nearly as can be determined, with the mean type of Cretans in Minoan times.

FIG.2 (3 views). An equally typical example of the same racial strain, from the region of Naples in Italy. The only aberrant feature of this individual is his blue eyes.

FIG. 3 (3 views). A Mediterranean Spaniard; his father is a Galician, his mother a Cuban of unmixed Spanish descent.

FIG. 4 (3 views). A very dark-skinned, large-headed mesocephalic Mediterranean from Beira Altain Portugal, with heavy beard and body hair. Many of the Portugese belong to this more robust Mediterranean sub-variety, which is also common in southern Italy, and may have been one of the earliest Mediterranean elements to arrive in southwestern Europe.

[Faísca]

Plate 23
ATLANTO-MEDITERRANEANS FROM SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE

Toward the end of the Neolithic period, the western Mediterranean countries were invaded by seafarers of a tall, exceptionally long-headed Mediterranean variety; some of these invaders passed through the Straits of Gibraltar, whence they also invaded the British Isles and Scandinavia. The accompanying pictures show modern derivatives of this sea-borne type.

FIG. 1.(3 views). A north Italian from Villa Romagno, Piedmont, near Genoa.

FIG. 2 (3 views). A Frenchman from the Midi, a native of Toulouse. The Atlanto-Mediterranean race is an important element in the south of France, but is most frequently partially or wholly brachycephalized by Alpine admixture, of which this individual shows no evidence.

FIG. 3 (3 views). A metrically arid morphologically perfect example of the late Neolithic Megalithic or Long Barrow race, the modern Atlanto-Mediterranean, from Azer in Portugal.

FIG. 4 (3 views). A dolichocephalic Spanish Basque from Sexto in the Basque Province. Like many Basques, he is extremely leptorrhine, narrow-jawed, and blue-eyed.

[Faísca]

Plate 24
BLUE-EYED ATLANTO-MEDITERRANEANS

As was seen in the case of the Basque on Plate 23, there is a tendency in the tall, extremely long-headed Atlanto-Mediterranean race toward a combination of black dark brown hair and blue eyes. The four men shown on this plate all possess this same pigment combination, all are 170 cm. or over in stature, have head lengths well over 200 mm., and form a unit in regard to general anthropometric and morphological position. All come from regions near the sea, and touched by Megalithic navigators.

FIG.1 (3 views). A Sicilian from Messina. Aberrant in respect to an excessive mandible width, but otherwise typical.

FIG. 2 (3 views). A Spaniard from Vigo, northwestern Spain.

FIG. 3 (3 views). A black-haired Irishman from County Donegal. The Neolithic invaders of Ireland were apparently all or nearly all of this tall, sea-borne Mediterranean variety. This individual is aberrant in head breadth, but otherwise typical.

FIG. 4 (3 views). A Scotsman from Ayrshire. An excellent example of the British Long Barrow type and a direct Neolithic survival.

[Faísca]

Plate 25
THE MEDITERRANEAN REEMERGENCE IN GREAT BRITAIN

The Atlanto-Mediterraneans were not the only members of the Mediterranean stock to invade Great Britain; smaller Mediterraneans are commonest in Wales and in the former Cymric territory which stretches from the Midlands to Glasgow. With the rise of the industrial revolution, the population increased greatly in these two last named regions, which became the most heavily industrialized areas in Britain; hence the Mediterranean increment in the British population has risen during the last century and a half.

FIG. 1 (3 views). A Lancastrian from Blackburn, a slender, delicaltely built Mediterranean with an extremely narrow nose and mandible. He represents a characteristic Midlands type.

FIG. 2 (3 views). A metrically similar New Englander from a Massachusetts coastal city, of Colonial Yankee lineage. He represents, a reemergence or survival within the New England stock of the same British Mediterranean element.

FIG. 3 (3 views). A Welshman from the neighborhood of Cardiff. An absolutely great head length, a heavier facial structure, and a less leptorrhine nose form indicate a different Mediterranean sub-type from the two above.

FIG. 4 (3 views). A Mediterranean Scotsman from Paisley; typical of the industrial population of the Glasgow district.

[Faísca]

Plate 26
THE PONTIC MEDITERRANEANS

Along the northern and western shores of the Black Sea are found, among other populations, brunet Mediterraneans of a generalized type, called Pontic by the Russian anthropologists, who are usually of medium to tall stature and who seem related on the one hand to the Atlanto-Mediterraneans and on the other to the long-faced Mediter- ranean prototype of Asia Minor and the Caucasus. Inland from the Black Sea shores they are found sporadically in Russia, Poland, and the countries along the upper course of the Danube. They also seem to form an early population level in Serbia and Albania. Their precise archaeological history has not yet been traced, and their relationship to the Danubian invaders of central Europe at the beginning of the local Neolithic is un- known. They do not, however, conform closely to the physical type of the early Danu- bians as known to us by a small series of skeletal remains. Much more work needs to be done in southeastern Europe before their historical position and relationships can be established.

FIG. 1 (3 views). A Bulgarian from Chepelare. An excellent example of the Pontic Mediterranean type, except for an unusually small cranial vault. In Bulgaria this Mediterranean type seems actually in the majority.

FIG. 2 (3 views). Photo F. L Rainer, from Rainer, F; I. Rlcherches Anthropologiques dans Trois Villages Carpathiennes, Bucharest, 1937, Plate II, #3.) A Moldavian farmer This Mediterranean type is common in Rumania on the plains of Moldavia and Wal- lachia, as well as in Bulgaria, but is largely replaced by brachycephalic forms in the Carpathians.

FIG. 3 (3 views). This man, who is an excellent example of the type in question, comes from the region of Vilna, and has a Lithuanian father and a Po!ish mother. He is said to resemble his mother's family. This type is recognized by Polish anthropo!ogists as an element in the population of their country, and is designated by them as Mediter- ranean.

FIG. 4 (3 views). A Czech of Pontic Mediterranean affiliation, unusual in a popula- tion which is for the most part brachycephalic. Bohemia is nearly the last outpost of this type to the west; a few, however, occur in Bavaria.

[Waarnemer]

Plate 27
The Nordic Race: Examples of Corded Predominance

The Nordic race is a partially depigmented branch of the greater Mediterranean racial stock. It is probably a composite race made up of two or more basic Mediterranean strains, depigmented separately or in conjunction by a progressive evolutionary process. As has been demonstrated on plates 9 and 10, it is impossible, as some European anthropologists believe, to derive a Nordic directly from a dolichocephalic Upper Palaeolithic ancestor of Brünn or Crô-Magnon type. Reduction of these overgrown races produces a result which is quite un-Nordic morphologically as well as in constitutional type. It is the author's thesis that the Nordic race in Europe was caused by a blending of the early Danubian Mediterranean strain with the later Corded element. At the present time both Corded and Danubian elements may be isolated, while other Nordics preserve the blended form. Nordics in eastern Europe, Asia, and North Africa may have been formed by separate recombinations or simple depigmentations of comparable Mediterranean strains, or by invasions of these regions from an European or West Asiatic depigmentation center.

FIG. 1 (3 views). A Finn of predominantly Corded type; note the ash-blond hair and grayish eyes, the great head length, and extremely low cephalic index. In head and face proportions a resemblance is seen to the Corded-like Irano-Afghan sub-type, a resemblance which is enhanced if pigmentation differences are ignored Both metrically and morphologically this individual is seen to be fully Mediterranean; there is no evidence of Upper Palaeolithic admixture.




FIG. 2 (3 views). A Swede from Sonderhamn who represents the same type, and who is very similar in most dimensions. The population of most of Sweden is predominantly Nordic; typical Upper Palaeolithic survivors are numerous only along the southwestern coast.




FIG. 3 (3 views). A Nordic Dane of Jutish parentage who also shows Corded predominance. His face is of extreme length, a trait common among ancient Corded crania. This individual is the son of the classic Borreby man shown on Plate 5, Fig. 1; this is graphic evidence of the fact that ancient racial types may be repeated in toto in individuals of mixed racial ancestry. Only through the agency of such segregation is it possible to present this collection of basic European racial photographs.




FIG. 4 (3 views). New Englander of Colonial British descent. This tall, slenderly built, ash-blond-haired Nordic is an extreme example of the Corded type which entered Britain first during the Bronze Age in conjunction with brachycephals, and later during the Iron Age as an element in the Nordic invading groups. Its presence in New England in 1938 can only be regarded as a complete reëmergence.

[Waarnemer]

Plate 28
The Nordic Race: Examples of Danubian Predominance

In contrast to the last plate, the present one shows a series of Nordics in whom the Corded element is notably weak or absent, so that an approximation to the earlier, smaller-headed, mesocephalic Danubian strain is perhaps attained. The reason for qualification on this score is that not enough Danubian crania have been found and described to make this point certain.

FIG. 1 (3 views). A Norwegian from Drommen, near Oslo. The head is absolutely of moderate size, comparable to that of small brunet Mediterranean sub-varieties; the stature and bodily bulk are also small.




FIG. 2 (3 views). A mesocephalic Englishman from Southampton, whose small face, concave-profiled, round-tipped nasal form, and whose lack of angularity or bony extravagance in the cranial and facial skeleton, combined with a high vault, indicate a close similarity to the known skeletal remains of Neolithic Danubians.




FIG. 3 (3 views). A Galician of mixed Ukrainian and Polish parentage; an excellent example of the Danubian type, bound to the soil since the Neolithic, which has reemerged throughout the entire length of the rich agricultural plain which stretches across southern Poland and Russia, while Nordics proper have for the most part moved elsewhere.




FIG. 4 (3 views). A Lithuanian, who although brachycephalic, belongs essentially to the same Danubian type.