Michalski's Anthropological Structure of Poland (summary)

[Ariets]

Now I know finally how to use OCR soft All boobs come from sof

"The Anthtropological structure of Poland"


SUMMARY

The individual anthropological analysis.of our materia³ — witch is a part of the Polish War Office's anthropological materia³ — embraeing 36.532 individuals (recru¿ts and soldiers. who represent 98 teritori.nl unita), achieved by the morphological method, by tht> use of 9 traits') and supported by the results of the analogous analysis of 8 comparative series,-) brought the following results:
1. The bulk of the population of Polami and of the territorieo transferred to U.S.S.R, has been farmed by the descendants of 6 races: thenordierace (A), the cromagnonoid race (Y), the mediterranean race (E), the armenoid race (H), thi? lapporioid race (L), and the highland race (Q), of which the first 4 represent the while and the last 2 the yellow variety of mañ.
2. Beside these fundamental compounds, in big towns slight admixtures of the berberian race (B) and much weaker influence of the oriental race (K) may enter into accouot. On the Other hand it is impossible to state any seizeable traces of infiltrates of the ainuid race (P). The berberian race has taeen marked dearly in the Serbian and Gipsy comparstive series; the oriental race — in the latter.
3-. Morê numeroua than above mentioned rare cojuponents uf the white variety in the investigated area seem to be the forrns of the yellow variety, namely the derivatives of the m o n g o l o i d (M) and the p a c i f i c (Z) races, which remain unseparated from the hytorids of L and Q and have not been distinguished in this work.

4. The existeiice of any traces ot the autochtonus forms of t³u black variety among the population of the invegtigated lerttorloi. it³ ab¶olutely out of the ±uestion. including the p y f* m y r a er (O) the influence ot which, some strived occasionally to disctwci1 IM Europê and in Poland for the sake of a priori assumptions.
5. The typological analysis has shown that the main racml component of the populatitm of the area embraced by the Pfllhh War Office anthropological research is the s u b n o r d i c t y p > (AL) making c. 48% and forming with the nord-west typ c (AE) next in percentage. 2/3 of the to tal population. These two tyofs with the other 4 types (i, e. AH, AQ, YL, HL) m±kê almost 9J10 (about 88<Vo) of the population; thus the other 14 units (including all races) arê but a very insignificat admixture (& Httle morê than 1/10) which does not determine the anthropological character of tliæ Polish population,
6. The relative domination of the subnordic type seenis to be especially characteristic of the Slav populations. The non-Slav series analyzed in his work deviate from the Slav ones first of all by a considerably smaller number of AL; only the peculiarity of the Lapp population. is determmed not by the number of the subnorciic iype, but by the number of the lapponoid race and its hybrids willi Y and E, which arê comparatively faintly represented in the Slavic series (cf. pi±te 4).
7. The racial structure of the analysed anthropological materia³ of the War Office proves, that first-grade components which re-present the population arê: the nordic element (a) and the lapponoid element (1); the second-grade the mediterra-nean element (e) and the armenoid one (h); the third-grade: the c r oma g n onoi d (y) and h i g h l and (q) elements; c. 42, 31, 12, 7, 4, 3«/o, respectiyely, but in individual cases the succession of the elements may change (cf. pi±te 90).
On the ground of the illustrative materia³ composed of 1467 individuals, of the controlling series which embrace the represeñtati-ves of the fundamcntal races picked out of the districts which do not come into the composition of oui- illustrative materia³, and of the » comparative series, we have settled the followtng tasonomical traits.
8. The representatives of the nordic race (AA) showed as principally tallstatured mesocephals with a narrow faces, narrow, ve-ry prominent and non-concave noses, decidedly light pigmentation and with eyes without the mongolian fold (cf. plates 8, 9, 10). The fuli description of the nordic race is given in pages 32-34. The attempi at laying down the five-traits Canon for this race has given the following figures: the stature 179 cm, the head index 80. the morpholog. facial index 92, the nasal index 57, the colour ul thi- oyo« 1I» The territorial averages show a great stability of traits of t h t? nintlli-race in the whole area, from Scandinavia down to the Ba³kan Pe-ninsula (cf. plates 11 and 12). Within the inyestigated materia³ we have distiguished two forms of AA. the typical narrow-f ace d and less typical middle-faced (cf plates 13-15). The iatter embraces perhaps individuals belated in their taxonomic development. The character of the nordic race seems to be horaozygotic beyond ±uestion (cf. family 105 from page 11). On the investigated territo-riej, of Poland and the areas transferred to U.S.S.R. the nordic race most fre±uently appears in the north-west and in central Polesie, least fre±uently in the south, and, what is undoubtedly a great suprise. is rather scantily represented in the north-east (cf. cartogram 3). The smali significance of A in Ihe last area is markert with a special emphasis in carlogram 2, which presents the distribution of the nordic composent (a), and gives a very similar picture to that shown in cartogram 3. The fundamental basis for the taxonomie description of tht nordic race was pnwided by 293 individuals.
9. The representatives of the c r o m a g n on o i d race (YYl proved to be tali dolichocephaLs wit,h broad. faces. medium-bi-oad not very prominent noses, distinctly light pigmentation, and eyes without the mongolian fold (ci. pi±te 16), The exact description of this race is on pages 38 and 40. The attempt at laying down the five-traits canon for this race gave the following figures: the stature 177 cm, the cephalic index 76, the morphological-face index 82, the nasal index 75, the colour of the eyes 15, This result, owing to the smali number of the basie materia³, may be considered as not defmite enc-ugh; we should expect here a much higher stature. a little longer head and a broader face of Y. — The linê drawn between two stature-groups (the tali and the short one) within the accessible group of the cromagnonoids, did not reveal two ciifferent development stages of: that race. We might at best suppose that in the morê numerous niiddle-statured group, arê concentraled chiefly the forms descending from the parents belonging to the YE type or the YL. The homozygotic character of the cromagnonoid race seems to be obvious, however, it demands — as all the designa-tive formulae — the genetic confirmation, The fact is that anthropo-logical structure of Europê cannont be expained by taking into account one light-pigmented component only. There does not exist however, any other light-pigmented Eorm in the white variety showhig greater morphological peculiarity, which could, with a higher probability, claim being acknowledged an independent racial element, as the YY, form. — The influence of the cromagnonoid-race is strongly marked in the north-east ot the tnvestigat«l area (cartogram 4). The basis for the characteristics of the cromu-gnonoid race was — formally — 9 individua³s. But. owing to thr work done in the terrain observations used were really much morr nirmerous than thaj.
10. The representatiyes ot the berberian race (BB) m the analyzcd War Office's anthropological materia³ did -not appeni at all. So, for the basis in the atterapt at laying down the five-traib; canon- served the traits of two individiials of that race belonginu to series classified by the author (cf. platc 103). AJthough in the course of the work it has been proved many times, that smali series give often the characteristics of the anthropological elements as well as the big ones, the result gained here should be considereri as necessarily and especially requiring a test with a bigger materia³, preferably Egyptian or Indian. The provisional canon has a follu-wing figurê: Ihe s ta turê 167 cm, the head Lndex 76, the morpholo-gical-face index 83. the nasal index 85, the colour of the eyes 3. From the Information available until nów it appears that the berberian race is middle-statured (or rather tali), long-headed, with a broad face, well broad and less prominent nose. decisively da?k pigmen-.tation and with eyes wilhout the mongolian fold.
11. The representatives o l' the mediterranean race (EE) showed as short-statured subdolichocephals. with narrow or middlc faces: a narrow, prominent nose, dark pigmentation and with eyey without the mongolian fold (cf. plates 18 and 19). A detailed description of this race is given on pages 45-46. The attempt to establish the five-traits canon resulted as follows: the stature 156 cm, the head index 75, the morph. facial index 90. the nasal index 63. the colour of the eyes 4. As we see, the canon-form of the EE seems to be decisively short-statured, moderately long-headed, and narrow-faced, and so H is rather similar to the Gipsy series than to the Polish series, w nich arê in all probability — composed of individualK descending from AE and EL. We have however also to remember, that the mediterranean individuals of Gipsy sei-ies might have been affected by Ihe facies-creative influence of the oriental race (K), because the averages of Italian materials seem to \vitness rather lor the mesocephalous character of the EE race (cf. page 45). Within the mediterranean groups of the War Office's anthropological materia³, two forms of the EE race can bc- distin-guished, one of which is narrow- and the second mesofacial. The complex of their traits sfoows that these arê not different Stages in developmenl, but rather different facies groups, which in turn hints at an early determination of Lhc Iraits in Ihe courno nf tiuli -vidual development. The horno/ygotic character of this race soem:; to be yn±uestionable, but it requires the genelic confirmation of it« formu³a. The inlluences of the mediterranean race in tho invi«stl-gated area arê marked chiefly in the north, first of nil In Ilu- rcglmi of the so-called „Kutno -lens" ; the minimum of its roni In i mi H tui is to be found in the south-west (cf. cartogram 3). Tho btiulN for tli³1 tasonomic characteristics of the mediterranean race wns pnwtilnl by 52 individuals.
12. The representatives of Ihe oriental race (K) (lid nnl turn up in any of the materials analyzed in this work. l''or figures wcre taken herp the rounded averagos of the orientiil coDsisting of 21 Sikhs (ci. notê 151). These averages give the wing figures: the stature 176 cm, the cephallc index 72, thi" m»r|ih facial index 95, nasal index 60, the colour of the eyes 3. We uuKhl lo expoct that the biological constants of the oriental race approKl matê Ihese averages. So, the oriental rac» should be deser ibrd IIN tali, very dolichocephalic with a very narrow face, a narrow, prominent nose, very dark pigmetation and witb eyes without Ihi1 mongolian fold.
13. The representatives of the a r m e D o i d race (H1I) shi" wed as middle-statured brachycephals with middle faces, a narrow, c on v ex or crooked noses. dark eyes and hair, light enough skin and with eyes without the mongolian fold (cf. plates 23 and 24,). The detailed description of this race is to be found on pages 49-51. Thi' attempt to establish the canon for this race on the ground of tht-War Office's anthropological materia³ which — bring remote from the geographical centre of H race — does not suit this purposi-well. gave the following result: the stature 168 cm. the cephallc index 88, the morph. facial index 85, tho nasal index 57, the colour of the eyes 4. This result shoulc! be appreciated as ±uite satisfactory, because it emphasises clearly the great shortness of the head, the moderate narrowness of the face and the estremc narrowness of tho nose of this race, all marked so clearly in Asia Minor materials. The verification of the gained result by the use of the above meil-tionert materials is indispendable. — Within the analysed materials of the controlling series two clearly outlined groups have been distinguished. one oi which is narrow or middle-faced and thf other broad- faced. The existence of this last group is, to a certain degree, a surprise because the narrow face is commonly considererl as a very character i sti c trait of the HII race, perhaps because lht> broad-faccd form is in W. Asia camouflaged with a great number of individuals belonging to the KH type (tli e swoarmenoid of CZORTKOWER). These forms cannot be considered as different devel<>p-ment stages of HH race, for the short statured, broad-faced group, among other eharacteristics, has morê prominent nose and dark Cl" hair i. e. it does not show complete juvenile traits. The analysis of the stature groups (cf. pi±te 26), did not disclose different develop-ment stages either and it suggests the hypothesis of complete taxo-nomical maturity of all the representatives of armenoid race at the, recruitment agê. The considerable dilferentiation in the stature and iii the face proportions of this race enables one to admit the vicw that this race is a relatively recently established hybrid form of the oriental (K) and lapponoid (L) races, the morê so, that the con-temporarily observed crosses of these races arê often difficult to discern from the armenoid-race. The racial character of the HH race, seems to be nowadays undoubtedly homox.ygotic. This racial component is conspicuous in all its derivative forms, and its mor-phology is extraordinarUy peculiar. On the investigated territory it is concentrated mainly in the south, thal is in the south-wes! as well as in the south-east, while in the middle region of the south {Lhe Rzeszów region) it seerns to appear m relatively smaller num-ber. The minimum of the influence of this race (HH) occurs in the region oi the „Kutno-lens" and perhaps in the north of Great Poland, the southern part of the lat ter region probably having a similar structure to that of the south-west part of Poland. The basis for the taxonomic description of the armenoid race was pro-vided by 43 indhdduals.
14. The representatives of the lapponoid r a c e (LL) have showed to be short-statured brachycephals, with broad faces, mo-derately broad, not prominent, often concave, but never convex, or crooked noscs, a dark pigmentation, and the eyes in many cases provided with the mongolian fold (cf, pi±te 27-29). The fuli description of Ihis race is to be found on pages 57-58. The attempt to produce its canon gave the following result: the stature 157 cm, the cephalic index 89, the morph. facial indcx 77, the nasal index 79, the colour of the eyes 4. It is then a peculiarly distinctive compottnd of traits, diametrally different from the compound of traits of the nordic race. Considerable differences between the canon and the series, probably mean, that the „facies-creating factars" might bave had a far-reaching influence. The lapponoids of Lappland differ from the Polish lapponoids in a considerably shorter stature and a little longer head. The much shorter stature (c. 10 cm) oi all the Lapp types in comparison with the corresponding components of the Polish series is characteristic and is a result of the disadvantageous influence of the subarctic environment, which usually cffects growth with a special force. — The longer heads of the Lapps mighl be explained as the result of a facies, numerous in Ihis population, descending of the EL and YL. types, of courae if it is the conse-'quence of a ditferent measuring techni±ue. The Chinese lapponoids (et pi±te 30) arê exlraordinarily simitór to the Polish ones aparl from the difierence m the fre±uency of the mongolian fold, which proves great internal cohesian of the almost cosmopolitan lappr>noid race. The proof of its internal cohesion is a³so supplied by the practi-cal impossibility of breaking this race inlo fractions and of reducing the dlfferences between stature groups down to the differences of the disperaion between the two extremes of the amplitudê of stature. The homozygolic character of the lapponoid race seems to be ±nite surê because of its morphologiæal peculiarity and the manifestation of its traits in many of its dcrived forms. In the investigated area the centre ai its influence is to be noticed first of all in the south-west, being besides commoner in the wholc south than in the north. Its mininniro appears in the „Kutno-len,F" and probably may occur in Eastem Prussia (cf. cartogr. 7), The basis for tlie taxonomic descriplion of Uie lapponoid race was provided by 204 individuals.
15. The representatives of the highland race (QQ) did not appear in any malerial atialysecl in this work. Therefore as the canon-figures have been acceptcd here the rounded ayerages of the highland race drawn by the author frora a group of -seven in the Chinese series (cf. pi±te 33). The averages run as follows: the stature 168 cm, the cephalk: index 74, the raorph. face index 87, the nasal mdex 76, the colour of tbe eyes 4. We may expoct that the biological constants of the highland race arê close to these averagcs. Thus, we can describe this as: middlc-statvired, dolichocephalic with a middle face, a middle nose, a dark pigmentation and with oflen occuring mongolian fold. The homo/.ygotic character of the higland race seems very likely and without this acimission it would be impossible to explain in a logical and simple way the anthropological structure of Yellow Asia and of Continental Europê. — The centre of the influence of this race is placed in the west of the central part of the irivestigated area and seems to posses the character of a residual or broken tcrritory. The seeond maximum is notable in the north-east, in the White Russian part of the area. — The minima arê placed in the Polesie — Podlasie region and.in the south west of Poland (cf. cartogram 8).
16. The teutonic typ e, a hybrid form of the cromagno-noid and nordic races (AY), a unit undistingtiished up till nów by the anthropologists, is a tali meso- or dolichocephal, with a broad face, a sufficiently narrow, prominent nose, a light pigmentation the lapponoid race and the Norwegian group towards the nordic: race. The stature of the series was influenced by environment as well as by gerietic factors. "Within the subnordic type there havi-been distinguished three fundamenta! fractions;as nordoid fraction (Al) have been classified the forms with the nordic faces and non-lapponoid noses, as central fraction (al) the individuals with the lapponoid-like faces but not lapponoid-like noses, and as the lappo-noid-Uke fraction (aL) have been dassiUed all the subnordics with a lapponoid index of noses (sce pi±te 49). The individuals who com-bine moderate³y light pigmentation with the index of the head 80-82 may be considered as uberrant of the central fraction (al,) The statistical analysis of subnordic type bas divided it into 13 statistical fractions, the traits of which arê given on page 93; their fre±uency set in a rangê gave almost symetrical, one-topped curye. This. together wilh the pattern ol' the traits within the fractions (diagrams 2-10), sems to give cvidcnce ol internal uniformity of this polyroorphous type and allows to rejecl absolutely the conception of the so-ealled ,,east-baltic race" („Die oslhaltische Rasse"), and at the same time to point out the roeak groundwork of the hypothe-sis supposing in each brachycephalic, narrow faced and narrow nosed group, the influence of the ..dinaric race". The morphological analysis of the subnordic type very numcrous in the materia³ dis-cussed here, as well the accessible genetic datas (sec psges 104-107) show that AL formu³a ascribed to this type by J. CZEKANOWSK1 is right. As it is known, the subnordic type is the .most common anthropological component of the population in the ivesUgated area. Its number increascs towards the south-west; in the north, especially in the „Kutno-lens", it is smallest. The basis for the description of Ihe subnordic type was provided by 977 individuals.
20. The chukhonic type, the hybrid form of the nordie and highland races (AQ), distinguished for the first time by the author in the analysis the Koñskie district appeared here as mo-derately-statured mesocephal, with a narrow face, a moderately broad, not prominent nose, light eyes, well dark hair and skin and relatively frequent mongolian fold (see pi±te 54). The fuli description of this type is giycn on pages 109-111. The AQ type of the Norwegian series difters froni this type distinguished in the Polish series only by its morê nordoidal character (see pi±te 55). The fractions of this type were distinguished on the ground of pigmentation. classifying the light-pigmented forms as nordoid fraction (Aq), the disharmonious forms as the central fraction (aq), and. the dark-pigmented forms as the highland fraction (aQ). All morpholo-gically related, but not dark-pigmented, narrow-nosed forms with Iht mungolian fold have been denoted as aberrant of the AQ ype; poKsibli* (Ihough very rarc) hybrids of the paciftc race (Z) ond perhaps of the arctic race (I), have not been distinguished here, jusl na in the case of the rare hybrids of the mongolian race (Mj in tht-liomolugous derivatives of the lapponoid race. The formu³a AQ accepted here for the chukhonic type is morphoJogicnlly most plaussible and has a certain genetic ground (compare family 141 on page 77).,The dislocation of the AQ type in Ihe investigaled arew i-overs conse±uently the same area as the highland race because of ihe smali quantities of the other derivative forms of Ihe Q race (see cartograms 8 and 12). By elaborating the South- and even the Wesl-European materials containing insufficient quantity of the physlo-gnomical ti-aits. the chukhonic type might be wrongly taken for thf nordic-berberian hybiid {AB-J which is usually of darker pigmentation. The basis for the description of the chukhonic lype, was pro-vided by 141 indiviciuals.
21. The atlantic type, a cromagdonoid-meoiterrain hybrid (YE), undistinguished till nów by the anthropologists, and nol aumerous in the materia³ elaboraLed here, showed as a short-staturcd sub-dolichocephal with a broad face, a rather narrow, prominent nose, light colom- of the eyes, rather dark hair, light colour of skin and the eyes without the mongolian fold (cf. pi±te 57). It is to be mentioned that some observations which ar.e not available at this moment, scem to show, that the average of the stature of this group of the YE should not be considered typieal. Some particulars concerning the physiognomical features of this type. arê given on page 113. All endeavour was undertakeri to get the fractions of this type on the basis of pigmentation and in consequcnce only two fractions appcared in the War Offiee's iUiistrative materia³: the relatiyc-ly light-pigmented, cromagnonoid-like (Ye), and the dishar-moniously pigmented, central (ye); the traits of these fractions arê given on pi±te 58. The strangely shoj-t stature of the Ye fraction .--•eems to disclose its very s³ów pace of deyelopment. Some idea about the dark pigmented and dolichocephalic yE fraction not distinguished here may be gathered from hê individuals presentcd on page 115. The accepted genetic formu³a of the atlantic type (YE) inorphologically and especially physiognomically is most plausiblc of all possib!e formulas, but it requires confirmation by genetii1 materials. This lype is morê common in the north than in the south tii the investigated area, but it seems to appear most fruciuently in the Atlantic region of Europê (-hence its narae). The basis for lh'.' description of this type was provided by 32 individuals.
22. The pseudo-alpine type, a cromagnonoid-armenoid hybrid (YH), for the first tirne separated in this work, and aUo infre±uent tn the investigated area, showed here as middle-statured brachycephal with a moderately broad face, a narrow, moderately prominent nose, light colour o f the eyes, v ery dark hair, v ery dark skin (to be found in Middle Europê), and with eyes without the mongolian fold (see pi±te 59). Its name is due to the super-ficial likenes of most of its representatives — to the different forms of the alpine type (HL) from which it deviates ±uito distinctiy by remarkably disharrnonious pigmentation. A. fuli description of this unusually characteristical type is given on par ges 116-117. It is very easy to break this type into fractions, classi-rying the forms with the cephalic index 80-82 and a broad face (combining sometimes chestnut hair with brown eyes) as the croma-gnonoid.^like fraction (Yb); the brachycephalic form with a broad face as the central fraction (yh); all the other forms as the arme-noid-shaped fraction (yH). At this moment it is difficult to state if in the pseudo-alpine type a middle nose might appear, but this is not out of the ±uestion. The rnorphological and physiognomic di-stinctness of thig type, corapells to accept its YH formu³a. It is to be expected that family materials will b ring fuli confirmation of this formu³a. The pseudo-alpine type appears in tnê whole inve-Stigated area in smali numbers, but morê or less regularly. The relative minimum of its location is in Silesia. The basis for the description of this type was provided by 40 individuals.
23. The baltic type, the hybrid form of the cromagnonoid-and lapponoid races (YL), the most numerous of the derivatives of the cromagnonoid-race, showec³ hcre as moderately statured, me-socephalic, medium-faced with a moderately broad, not prominent nose, light colour of the eyes rather dark hair and skin coiour, and seldom possesing the mongolian fold (see pi±te 61), The fuli description of this type is given on pages 122-123. In the almost identical form (differing only in stature) the YL type in the Lappo-nian series has been distinguished. Of course this difieronce i.s the result of the influence of enyironment, about which we havc already spoken. The baltic type has been broken into fractions on the ground of pigmentation and the fair forms have been classified as oromagno-noid-shaped fraction (Yl). the disharmonious as the central Craction (yl), and the lew dark forms, as lapponoid-liki> fmction (yL). This type was distinguished and its genetic formula was eslablished due to the evidence of the materia³, which compeUed to reject the improhable conception of a „fair sublapponoid-type" (J)) nnd requi-reci reduclion of the internal differentiation of tht' subnordic type to its proper limits. The establishment of the exact limits of the Yl. type and the genetic confirrnation of its formu³a is necessary. Th³n type is morê common in the north and in the central parl of lhe lu-yestigated area, than in the south. Its chief maximum is placed in Iht; region of Vilno, its minimum in the west of Littie Poland and in tlir Carpathians; isolated maxima occur in the north-west as well as thc Fouth-east (see cartogram 13). The basis for the description of thc baltic type was provided by 101 individuals.
24. The crornagnonoid-higbland type (YQ) has only one representative in our materia³; it is an individual from Ihc district of Katowice, who combines rather lali stature with a div lerminedly long head, a broad face, moderately bi-oad nose, ratht'11 light pigmentation and the mongolian fold It is impossible nów to give its morê precise description due to a destmction of the rnnte-rial!), whose constituent part was this representative prcsumtlbly of the YQ type. It is not impossible, that some — but few — of lew distinct representatives of this form, extreroely rare in the invP3ti-gated area, concealed in the YL group or, perhaps, in the AQ typu.
25. The littoral type (EH), a polymorphous form, ditficull
to isolate and distinguish, but nevertheless very characteriatle
especially for its physiognomical features4), showed in the illustr³-
tive series as moderately-statured mesocephal with rather broad faco,
narrow, prominent nose, very dark eyes, dark hair, rather dark
skin colour and with eyes without the mongoJian fold (see pi±te 68),
The fuli description of this type is given on pages 129-131. Out of
the two ±uoted comparative series, the Serbian like the Polish one
represents rather the armenoid fraction, while the Gipsy serioH
represents the mediterranean flank of the littoral type (see p.lales Oli
snd 67). As the mediterranean fraction of the littoral type (Eh), wmv
classified the individuals with the mediterranean head-proporUon»
(the cephalic index <C 80), taking no account of the face5"), but ut Hit;
samo lime distinguishing among remnants the central fraction (cb)
with medium faces, and the armenoid-shaped (eH) with broad ftices.*) The genetic formu³a of the littoral type (EH) might be con-sidered risky because of the apparerit transgression of tho face7), the only case of this kind in the contemporary anthropological -taxt>-nomy of the „Lwów-School". Slill, as at present here is a ³±ck of evidence for the existence of the narrow-faced forms of the littoral type, and as all the individuals of this type with all their notices-ble morphological differences, unexpectedly show great phy¶iogno-mical likeness. and as the accessible genetic data seem to confirm our conceptiori (compare family 10 on page 81, and family 32 on page 132), we have to acknowledge the morphologically established formula EH as the only acceptable at the present moment. Of course, an especially careful research in. the peculiarities, the internal diffe-rentiation and the taxonomical limits of this unusually interesting unit is necessary; the research should be performed on possible genetic and large materia³ taken from the geographical concetration of this type. — The EH type geographical centre ot which is to be found in the east-mediterranean (Aegean) countries, in all the places of our uwestigated area is infre±uent. Its location is the morê interesting as its relative maximum found place in the south-easl and its minimum in the south-western parts of our area. The basis of the description of the littoral type was provided by 38 indiyiduals.
26. The subtapponoid type EL, formerly called, „pre-slavonic" ([3 ) has appeared herc as short-statured mesocephal with a broad face, a moderately broad,. not prominent nose, dark pigmen-tation and with sometimes occuring mongoiian fold (see pi±te 69). The fuli description of this type is given on pages 134-136. In the Lappish series ii has appeared in. a closely cognate form, differing only in stature — a fact casy to understand — as did the habitus of this comparat!ve series generally a little morê lapponoid. As the iti.oditerranean fraction of the sublapponoid type (El) were classified the relative!y narrow-nosed forins; as the central (cl) — the moderately broad-nosod and moderatcly broad-faced individuals; as the lapponoid-shaped fraction (eL) — the moderately broad-nosed, but broad-faced forms (sce table 71), Within this type insufficient pigmentatioa is especially fre±uent.*) The formu³a EL for thi/ flUb-lapponoid type, is morphologically the most plaussible of all possiblf and, to certain degree, has a genetic foundation (compare f u m I³y 81 on page 71 and family 30 on page 138). The sublapponoid lypu, In spite of former suppositions, is nol numerous in the irwestipited area and its dispersed masima appear as well in the north as in Ihtr southern parts of the area (cf. cartogr. 14). The distinct minima of this type arê tu bo murked in Pomerelia and Silcsia. The diflcren-ces in the location of the EL and YL types which provide ancitliOf argument againsl taking them for one fonii, as it was tione bcffH'«, arê to be notod. The sublapponoid type seems to be morê numerowa in South Europ t*, but in materials insufficiently investigaled iia n-gards pnysiognomy somelimes it may be taken for the berborn lapponoid hybrids just as in the areas of Eurasiatic characI.iT n may be undistinguisbed from the lapponoid-highland type (L<(. The basis of lh« description of the sublapponoid type was providi'' l by 107 individunls.
27. As the mpditerranean-highland type (EQj wer. classified those very infregiienl foi-ms which resemble in then measurable trails the AQ type, but do not show atiy seizeable pi' cultarities of the nordic race. Out of the three representatives ot the illustrating series, classified as belonging to this type, one which differs from the EE race by the mongoiian fold may be recogni/rtl as a representative of tliæ mediteranean fraction of the type (Eq.i and the two remaining might be treated as the central fraction (cq) of the EQ type. The longheaded fraction of the EQ type (eQ) (lid not appear in our itlustrative materia³ at all. All the discussion aboul £his unit most. be of course delayed until a rich materia³ riæhly illustraled with photos will be collected.") The genetic analysis of Uu-EQ type is also necessary. The basis for the descriplion of this type was provide<l by 4 individuals.
28. The alpine type (HL) has with its considerable vari(t-bility, a very distinct physiognoinical habitus. In the analysed mii-terial, this type showed as middle-statured brachycephal, wiUi a moderalely bi-oad face, a moderately broad ñose, a declsively darltnoid element (1) and the mediterranean element (e) predoroinates over the armenoid (b). It is not to be escluded, that this is a for-mation extending at the cos t of all the others, a crompound towards which, as to the state of equilibrium, the popuiation has been redu-ced by hê equalizing processes taking place at least for some recent renturies. A formation extremely dilferent from the previous. con-centrated in the south-west, forma t i on l — a — h (l > a. h > e), which gives — in the light of cartogranune l — the irapression of a dispersed remnant territory of the same character. may also re-present. an edge of a former larger area of the same charaæter spread in the direction of south-west. The set of groups with the ii — I — h structure forms in the south-west the doiibtless a con-tact ¿onê of both the extreme formations. A broken area of this formation is to be markcd along the Dniestr. in the south-east. It is impossible to state at present whether an analogous region of Kieice forms a projecting point of a large south-westcrn area of a — I — h. The most intercsting restilt of the racial anaiysis is however the isolation of hê so-called „Kutno-lens", which has morê ..Germanie1" than .,Slavonic" structure: a — e — 1. This formation appears be-sides the „Kutno-lens" only on Ihe East Prusian frontier (Lubawa). At prosent it is difficult to decidc whether this is an accidental sur-vival of the bearers of the gotho-gepidian culture o r whether it is ;i relict, which reflects to a degree an archaic structure of the SIavo-nic autochtona, such as it had been before the begining of the mutual penetration of the two hlpothetic primordia! formutions: a — e — l and l — a— h in that forcstless region inhabiled siñce prehistorie Times. By the mutual penetratian of these two formations the sub-nordic type (AL) being a hybrid of the two most numerous races iii those formations must have appeared especialty often. If, accor-ding to the contemporary experience a greater fertility is aseribed lo the subnordic than to the nor t h-western type, and eventuaJly. a greater yitality, it is clear that the racial composition of the t-ontact ¿onê arising in those conditions must have shifted towards Ihe increase of the lapponoid element without any yiolent and there-fore obvious migration of this racial component and along with the fuli preseryation of the nordic element. As its fina³ result this gave picture of the so-calLed „brachycephalization" of the poputatjon of large areas of Europê, a phenomenon absorbing yo muc-h. older especially, anthropologists.
35. The cartogram of the typological teritories (16) gives a picture approxiraating the one discussed above. Herê also arê to be marked but in different limits: the south-westem territory ratber poor in the AE type; a broad contact ¿onê between that territory and a very diffused intermediate formation; an area corresumi-ding to that ¿onê. in the soutli-east. and „Kutno-lens". BesidoJ, a doubie-shaped ¿onê of greater nordic influence in the north-west has been outlined and showed presumably the Iracks of morê inten-sive infiltration of the nordic race between the Pilica and the Wart« and along Vistula. But, the most important fact is. that there has been drawn the typological frotitier. dividing the Polish area into the anthropolpgical North and South along a linê con-necting the north-most points oi Radomsko and Badzyñ districts, Ieav¿ng by the South a corresponding part of Greal Poland as (ar as Poznañ area. Thts lino might be lengthened eastwards in the di-rection of the northern boundary of Piñsk distri.ct.
36. Of the three main ethnographic groups of the jnvesttgatei| area, in comparison with tlie Poles the Ukrainians have showft a fewer lapponoid. nordic and cromagnoid elements but a greater admixture of the southern elements (e and h) and of the highland component (q). On the other hand the Germans show a little morê of the cromagnonoid element,-a higher number of a and 1. a smaller admixture of the southern componente (e and h) and very smali admixture of the highland component (±). The „non-Germanie", rather distinctly ,.Slavonic" character of the German illustrating series (see pi±te 96) is striking.
37. This work does not give. of course. a proper basis for con-necting particulai' racial elements with prehistorie cultures. It we were to form thronological hypotheses on the ground of ³he present localion of taxonomic units and of the knowledge of the historical anthropology of those area, so scarce still, we might presume with some probability, that the lapponoid eomponent, at least in the southem part of the investigated area. has been autochtonie perhaps siñce the paleolilhic period (the mesolithic skuli from Janis³awice, dug out by K. JA¬D¯EWSKI). Who knows whether the cromagnonoid component detrited for some unknown reasons is not e±uaJly •Ad. It was also together with the mediterranean element, a n important racial component of much latter Celtic and German tides. The mediterranean component may be undoubtedly connected with the culture of band partery as J. CZEKANOWSKI supposes or perhaps also with the culture of painted pottery, the armenoid component howeyer being connected with the much latter culture of the bell-beakers, The highland racial componenl, located nów as if it had filled former border-wilricrnesses existing between Ihe ancienl territories of several Slavonic tribes (Polonians. Vistula-nians, Mazovians etc.) might be refered to as pre~finn culture; in favour of this conception the north-east maximum of the component seems to speak. As to the nordic component, it probably carae in several waves, one of which (maybe not the oldest one) corresponds to the cord-ceramic culture. These very waves probably pushed, to-wards the south the older lapponoid population whose peaceful expansion began again as it seems (at least in Western Poland) as ³atê as the Middle Ages; maybe it was a conse±uence of changed economic and social structure. In favour of this hypothesis argue the early-historical craniological serieg. It Ls clear that the confirmation or refutation of these hypotheses may be effected only by numerous and perfectly elaborated osseous materials,
Closing the discussion of the results, we must atrongly empha-aise the fact, that the naturê of this work does not m±kê it a subject suitable for surnmarizing and a proper idea of the ±uestions discus-sed can be gathered only from the lecture of the fuli text backed by the study of the appended material.