The model of indoeuropean similarities

[kestutisturbo]

There are possible two approaches when solwing indoeuropean puzzle:

classic - postulating indoeuropean homeland and protolanguage, from where spreaded and splited indoeuropean people and rised nations

the new one - cultural model, denying 200 years old classic indoeuropean model and using paleogenetical information simply explaining how and when there appeared and spreaded indoeuropean similarities.

This model of Europe inhabitance consists of two main migrations:the first one - carriers of the VI genetical group (mutation M89) aproximately 35 000 years BC appeared alongside the northern mediterrainian coast neighbouring neanderthals and leaving some relicts in the Basque language aproximately 25 000 years BC the IX genetical group (mutation M173) entered Europe and spreaded from the Central Asia inhabiting lands free from Neanderthal for hunting and fishing. Later these populations where pressed into the sounthern direction by the iceland. The new lexical similarities appeared when technologies of agriculture, ceramic, farming, town building, metal crafting, trading rised and spreaded, starting some military activities. There is not necessary homeland and protolanguage postulating and definition for such the Cultural model of indoeuropean similarities

Reference

Ann. Hum. Genet. (2001), 65, 43±62

Printed in Great BritainThe phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins ofmodern human populations

P. A. UNDERHILL, G. PASSARINO, A. A. LIN, P. SHEN, M. MIRAZO!N LAHR,R. A. FOLEY, P. J. OEFNER and L. L. CAVALLI-SFORZA

The M89/M213 Group VI and M9 related GroupsVII±X
The third large sub-cluster of M168 lineagesis characterized by the M89/M213 mutationsat the root of Groups VI±X. As discussed above, this sub-cluster is suggested to have evolvedin East Africa, from where it dispersed to Eurasia through the Levantine corridor around 45000 years ago. We suggest that a population carrying the M89/M213 mutations dispersed from Africa to the Middle East, from where it originally expanded west, north and east around 40000 years ago

A probable western expansion of M89/M213 Levantine populations would have taken GroupVI ht 69 lineages to Europe as the earliest UpperPalaeolithic occupation of the area. However itsappearance in Europe is very low (0.2 %),indicating that few of these lineages have survived to the present, possibly having been replaced in Europe by related M170 lineages

Five major demographic events characterizethe subsequent Y chromosome genetic history of Eurasian populations. Chronologically, the rest of these relates to the expansion and differentiationof the northern Asian M89/M213/M9/M45/M74 lineages. Part of this population, characterized by the M173/M207 mutations(Group IX), expands westwards around 30000 years ago, reaching Europe, the Caucasus, the Middle East, Central Asia and northern India-Pakistan. This population expansion around 30000 years ago gives rise to the Upper Palaeolithic Aurignacian, or Gravettian, or both (Semino et al. 2000).

[kestutisturbo]

Paleolithic Continuity Theory


This text is from wikipedia


The Paleolithic Continuity Theory (PCT) suggests that the Indo-European languages originated in or nearby Europe and have existed there since the Paleolithic. It argues that the appearance of Indo-Europeans coincides with the first regional settlement of Homo Sapiens in the Middle/Upper Paleolithic age.
Its main proponents are the Italian linguists Mario Alinei, Gabriele Costa and Cicero Poghirc as well as the German and Belgian prehistorians Alexander Hausler and Marcel Otte.

Continuity Theory
The Continuity Theory proposes that Indo-European speakers arrived in Europe tens of millennia ago, and that by the end of the Ice Age, had already differentiated into Celtic/Italic/Germanic/etc. speakers occupying territories within or close to their traditional homelands. It also suggests that the glaciers and pre-glacial basins that compartmentalised Europe during the Ice Age may actually have been the mechanisms for this process of differentiation of Indo-European into its component families.
The Continuity Theory also draws radically different conclusions about the rate of linguistic change from those of the traditional theories of Colin Renfrew and Gimbutas. Clearly, if a homogeneous proto-Indo-European people appeared in Europe 6,000 years ago, then firstly, all subsequent language evolution will necessarily be compressed into the 6,000 years between then and the present, and secondly, the projection of this rapid rate of linguistic change back into the Palaeolithic will lead to the evident conclusion that no useful inferences can be drawn about languages spoken at that time, since it will impossible to distinguish genuine cognates in extant languages from chance similarities.
It is based on a synthesis of linguistic studies, the archaeogenetical studies of Brian Sykes indicating that some 80% of the genetic stock of Europeans goes back to the Paleolithic, as well as on archaeological data indicating European cultural continuity.
Proponents point to a lack of archaeological evidence for an Indo-European invasion in the Bronze Age; to the lack of substantial genetic change since the Paleolithic; and to analogy with a theory of a Paleolithic origin of Uralic peoples and languages in Eurasia. Moreover, the continuity theory is much more parsimonious in comparison with classical approaches to the IE developments.

Criticism
The mainstream position of historical linguistics is that genetic continuity does not imply linguistic continuity and that theories of a literal "military conquest" have fallen into disfavour with most supporters of the theory of a Chalcolithic origin of Indo-European.

Proponents
Jonathan Morris reviewed Alinei's favourably in Mother Tongue, a journal dedicated to the reconstruction of Paleolithic language, judging Alinei's theory as being
"both simpler than its rivals and more powerful in terms of the insights it provides into language in the Meso- and Palaeolithic. While his book contains some flaws I believe that it deserves to be regarded as one of the seminal texts on linguistic archaeology, although given its lamentable lack of citation in English-language circles, it appears that recognition will have to wait until a translation of the original Italian appears."[1]

More about the paleolithic indoeuropean theory
http://www.continuitas.com/interdisciplinary.pdf

[kestutisturbo]

On-line dictionary of postulated non-IE substrate vocabulary in the Germanic languages
On-line dictionary of non-IE substrate: Germanic

[kestutisturbo]

Originally Posted by kestutisturbo

On-line dictionary of postulated non-IE substrate vocabulary in the Germanic languages
On-line dictionary of non-IE substrate: Germanic

Some non indoeuropean German-Baltic similarities and hints

PART 1

adhra"waterway, channel" [*pre-Norse],
oe:dre, oedr "channel, artery, vein, fountain, river, cataract" [OE],
Ader "vein" [tv95] OTTER-ŪDRA (lith)


ae:laz > *ela- < Aal m., eel [bc, ecp, jtw, tv84]

Al- in ide is related to water

aecse [OE] > ax, axe
[< ?Vasconic"; see Basque aizkora "axe, hatchet"] [tv95, tv97]
[gg, lt et al. see Basque aizkora, haizkora < Latin aiscola] [gg, lt]
[gg sees aecse < IE *H2ek^- "sharp"] [gg]
[mcw sees possible analogy with (h)ai(t)z-
or metathesis asciola > aizkola, etc.] [mcv]
[cw sees aecse < Germanic *akwesi:, *akusyo:- < IE *agwesi: "ax"] [cw]

Harpoon - AKSTINAS((lith)



airo "oar"
[< Finnish/aboriginal non-IE Baltic lang?] [rc]

IRTI (lith)

aithei "father" [Gothic] [< ?Vasconic"] [tv97]
al- > al-na > allaz > all, also [cw, rc]
[gg sees this rel. to Latin alius] [gg] (see Nostratic)

TĖVAS (lith)
aliso/eliso > *alisa: [Celtic], *alisa [Gothic] > Erle f., aller > alder;
rel. ?aliso [Spanish];
[< Vasconic?, e.g. Basque altza]
[lt notes it is widely suspected Basque altza
shares a common origin with aliso
but there is no conclusive proof] [lt]
[acc. cw < IE *ei- "red, brown"] [g&i, tv1/99]
[xd adds Slavic jelicha, Russ. ol'cha,
Lithuanian alksnis,
Latin alnus < *alisnos
and feels this distribution marks it as IE] [xd]
[?rel to ellen, ellaern [OE] > elder? cw]



ang-ra-m "pasture, grassland" > Anger "pasture-ground"
[< ?Vasconic"; see Basque angio, angi, angia "meadow";[tv97]
[rel. rejected by lt et al.]
[lt notes a Celtic origin is suspected
because -io doesn't look native] [lt]
[acc. gg < *h2eg^ro- "field"] [gg]
ankle, Enkel < anka "Hinterhaupt, blied" [OHG];
hanka [Germanic] > ?Romance hancha "hip", > haunch
[< ?Vasconic;
see Basque anka, hanka "foot, lower extremity of animal"] [tv95]
[lt et al. see Basque anka < Romance < Frankish hanka "haunch"] [lt]

the hole in the ground ANGA (lith)
arnuz, aro:n > Aar, earn "eagle" [OE] [tv97]
Örn [Swedish], Adler [< edel-ar "noble bird/raptor"] [tt]
[< ?Afro-Asiatic "Atlantic";
see Akk. arû;
but see also Basque arrano] [tv97]
[lt notes Basque arrano < arranno] [lt]
[acc. tt, prob. rel Greek ornis "bird"]

ARAS (lith)



ebura [pre-Germanic] > Eber, eofor [OE] "boar"
[< ?Afro-Asiatic "Atlantic";
see Akk appâru "wild boar"] [tv97]
ebb, Ebbe f. [bc, jtw]

pig male PARŠAS (lith)

Eidam, a?um "son-in-law" [< ?Vasconic"] [tv97]
[lt states there is no such form in Basque
that Basque "son-in-law" is suhi ~ suin < *suni] [lt] e:thi: > *a:thi: [N. Germanic] > ae:?r [ON] > eider
[acc. cw <? *e:ti:?] [cw, rc]



Ente f. "duck"; önd [Sw. and, Old Norse]; [jtw]
[acc. tt, may be related to Lat anas 'duck' ]
[but the Germanic cognate for Latin anser" is
goose, Gans; c.f Greek chans] [kat]

ANTIS (lith)

Iltis m. "polecat" [jtw]
i:sa > Eis, ice
[< ?Vasconic", e.g. Basque izotz "frost, ice"] [tv97]
[lt notes Basque izotz "frost, ice" contains hotz "cold"
but suggests initial element is ihintz ~ intz `dew' < *initz] [lt]

melting ice on the water IŽAS (lith)


Jolle f., jolly-boat "dinghy" [jtw]
oak, Eiche
[< ?Vasconic; see Basque agin "evergreen oak"]
[lt notes the common Basque word is arte] [lt]

oak corn GILĖ (lith) green ŽALIAS (lith)

[kestutisturbo]

Some non indoeuropean German-Baltic similarities and hints

PART 2

baita "hut, cabin" [It < Germanic] [tv84]

būda (lith.)

balthaz "bold" > bald, beald [OE] > bold, bald; bald [OHG] > bawd
[acc. cw < ?IE *bhol-to < *bhel- "to blow, swell, etc."] [cw]

white ?? - baltas (lith)


birch, Birke
[< ?Vasconic; see Basque burki ~ urki] [tv95]
[Vasconists inclined to see this as a loan from IE,
but there are no established case of direct loans from Germanic] [lt3/99]

beržas (lith.)


blé "wheat" [Fr < Germanic] [tv84]

some grass - blindė (lith.)

[kestutisturbo]

Some non indoeuropean German-Baltic similarities and hints

PART 3

dagaz > day, Tag [cw]
[acc. cw < IE "*agh- with initial d- of obscure origin"]

to burn - deginti (lith.)

dan- "low ground, den" >
*dan-jam > denn [OE] > den; Dene [OE] > Dane [cw, rc]

river name Danė (lith.)

Dauer "duration", du:ra:re "to last" [Latin]
[< ?Afro-Asiatic "Atlantic";
see Akk du:ru/m "long time, hard"] [tv97]

dengeln [tv84]

duration trukmė (lith.)


Distel f, thistle [jtw]

thistle usnis (lith.)

Dorsch m. "young cod [scrod]" [jtw]

dove, Taube [tv84]

stupid durnas (lith.)

dreug- >"dry" > drought;
*deug-iz > dry, Trocken; >
*draug-n > drain [cw, rc]

wet drėgnas (lith.)


dub-/dup- "drop, drip, dip" > dip, dope, dump, didapper [cw, rc]

deep place in yje water duburys (lith.)


dud "shake, dodder" > dote, dodder, ?Zittergreis "dodderer" [cw, rc]

to dodder? drebėti (lith.)


dunum "fortified place" [Celtic] ?> du:naz [Germanic] > du:n "hill" [OE] > down; >
du:ne [M Dutch] > dune;
*tu:naz [Germanic, <? Celtic *du:n-o- "hill, stronghold"?] "fortified place" > town, Zaun
[Celtic & Germanic only]
[< ?Afro-Asiatic "Atlantic";
see AKK dunnunu "fortified"] [cw, tv97]
[xd notes cw/SW rel. Hittite tuhhusta "finish, come to an end, come full circle" &
Latin fu:-nes- < *dhu:-;
but is suspicious because it is a root-etymology] [SW cit. xd]

to stay hidden tūnoti (lith.)

[Dhjete]

Originally Posted by kestutisturbo

P. A. UNDERHILL, G. PASSARINO, A. A. LIN, P. SHEN, M. MIRAZO!N LAHR,R. A. FOLEY, P. J. OEFNER and L. L. CAVALLI-SFORZA

accroding CAVALLI-SFORZA, Albanian language is the most olddest language in World

[kestutisturbo]

Originally Posted by Larte

accroding CAVALLI-SFORZA, Albanian language is the most olddest language in World

it's not true, becouse the first languages appeared in Africa, and homo sapiens had a huge war in Levant against neanderthals for entering Asia in 60-40 thousand years BC. British archaeologists stressed, that the first people entered Europe had not only their language but its own culture too. The roots of Albanian somewhere at 40 - 20 thousand years BC. But first we must detect the oldest words in Albanian (from protoworld) and then carefully study such words like Bear, Bow...

[kestutisturbo]

gaal [Dutch] "restbarrow" [ecp]

mighty man - galiūnas (lith.)

gagana/gagina "against, in a direct line with" > gegn "straight, direct, hepful"
[ON] > gainly, [un]gainly;

rafter - gegnė (lith.)


gans- > Gans f. goose [jtw]
[but cw and most others see this as IE *ghans-]

goose - žansis

garbo:n "sheaf" [pre-Germanic] > Garbe "sheaf";

sheaf - gurbas (lith.)

garden, yard, Garten
[< ?Afro-Asiatic "Atlantic",
see Phoen. q-r-t "city"]; see Rus. gorod [tv97]

enclosure gardas (lith.)

gersto: [pre-Germanic] > Gerste "barley"
[< ?Vasconic";
see Basque gari "grain, wheat", garagar "barley"] [tv95, tv97] [lt states gari < gali

grain grūdai (lith.)
rake žarstyti (lith.)

gnaga "to bite" [ON] > nag [cw]
gnagan [OE] > gnaw [cw]
gnag-sk- > gnasko:n > nascon "to nibble" [OHG] > nosh [cw]
gnatt "biting insect" > gnaet [OE] > gnat [cw]

nail - nagas (lith.)

grafo-, gravo- > Graf m. "count [nobilty]", grave [M Dutch] > margrave, palsgrave [jtw]

grafas (lith.)


gre:waz > graeg [OE] > gray, grey; ? >grighund [OE] > greyhound
[acc. cw *gher- "to shine, glow, gray"] [cw]
gri:syaz "gray" > gris [Fr] > grisaille, grison, grizzle; griseus "grayish" [Med Latin] griseous
[acc. cw *gher- "to shine, glow, gray"] [cw]

hot coal žarija (lith.)
gunthyo: "battle" [tv84, my sp.]


harja > Heer, here [OE] "army"
[< ?Afro-Asiatic "Atlantic";
see Akk qarâbu "war, battle"] [tv95, tv97]
herald < Fr heraut < Frk *herialt < *xariwald- < *xarjaz "army" + *wald- "rule" [Onions, ODEE cit. mw]
arimanno "warrior" [It < Germanic] [tv84]
[< Germanic *xaryaz "army" + *mannaz "man"] [mw]

plunder grobis (lith.)



Helm m., helmet [bc, jtw]

šalmas (lith.)

Herzog m. "duke" [jtw]

hercogas (lith.)


horst/hurst "grove" [OS, OHG, MLG] [eh]

giraitė (lith.)

[Savorgnan]

Thank you for this very interesting stuff.I saw a few words of clear Sumerian or Akkadic origin.I'm more convinced by the theory of a consistant Sumerian superstratum in Europe's languages.You must read the work of Giovanni Semerano on the Mesopotamian origins of the European languages.

[kestutisturbo]

Semerano's objections to the Indoeuropean language theory are essentially objections to the theory as propounded by early nineteenth century German linguists. He does not consider subsequent modifications (for instance, the so-called wave model, in German Wellentheorie), that could correct and refine the first hypotheses. Such refining, it has to be said, is progressively approaching to the area where Indoeuropean should have been created (today's Anatolia) in the Mesopotamic area.

Moreover Semerano's assertions, according to which the existence of Indoeuropean would be a "??mock??", has no evidence in archeaeological finds which confirm the theory. For example, the decipherment (successfully completed and enriched through the introduction of new historical data) of Hittite tablets started from the point that it was an Indoeuropean language written in the cuneiform script.

Semerano's whole theory is based on a wide series of approaches of heterogeneous theories with no proposal of an alternative and consistent model to traditional linguistics and with no explanation and definition of linguistic laws that headed the derivation of the various languages examined by the ancient Mesopotamic languages. ??Semerano's?? laws though were strongly rejected by Semerano.

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