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Old Monday, August 28th, 2006
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Default Re: Russia Commemorates Kulikovo Field Victory

I will give some illustrations, starting with German chronicles of the 13th-16th centuries.


The Old Livonian Rhymed Chronicle (13th century)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_Rhymed_Chronicle

(02205.) Ein stat ist grôß unde wiet (02205) Есть город (stat) большой и широкий,
(02206.) die ouch in Rűßen lande liet: (02206) который также расположен на Руси:
(02207.) Susdal (51) ist sie genant. (02207) он называется Суздаль (Susdal) (51).
(02208.) Alexander was genant (02208) Александром (Alexander) звали того,
(02209.) der bie der zît ir kunic hieß: (52) (02209) кто в то время был его князем:
(02210.) sîn volc (53) er sich bereiten ließ. (02210) он приказал своему войску (volc) (53) готовиться к походу.
(02211.) den Rűßen was ir schade leit; (54) (02211) Русским были обидны их неудачи;
(02212.) snelle wurden sie bereit. (02212) быстро они приготовились.
(02213.) dô vűr kunic Alexander, (02213) Тогда выступил князь Александр
(02214.) mit im vil manich ander (02214) и с ним многие другие
(02215.) Rűße her von Susdal. (02215) русские из Суздаля.
(02216.) sie vűrten bogen âne zal, (02216) Они имели бесчисленное количество луков,
(02217.) vil manche brunje wunneclîch. (55) (02217) очень много красивейших доспехов (55).
(02218.) ir banier die wâren rîch, (56) (02218) Их знамена были богаты,
(02219.) ir helme die wâren liecht bekant. (57) (02219) их шлемы излучали свет.
(02220.) sus zogeten sie in der brűder lant (02220) Так направились они в землю братьев-рыцарей,
(02221.) dâ gewaldeclîch mit her. (02221) сильные войском.


The Chronicle of the Teutonic Order (15th century)

Dese Mysterr Herman Valck bestalde tegen den Rusenn, de dem Orden vele Ledes deden, sunderlyck dem Byschopp Hermann von Dorpte, milh des Koninges Volcke, Vnd Meyster Herman toch mit macht In Ruslandt vor eyne Borch, geheyten Isborch, Vnd de Rusen qwemen hyr tegen, Vnd dar warth gestreden vnnd gefochlenn sehrr. Die Chrysten behelden die auerhandt, Vnd dar bleuen doeth Achte hundert Rusenn, Vnd die anderen entschlogenn, Vnd der worth vele geuangenn. Dese Meyster mith synen Broderen, vndt Volck schlogenn er Telth vor Pleskauwe, eyn Stadt also geheyten, Vp dath Velth Inn RusIandt. De Meyster dede gebeden, dath syck eyn Iderr rede makede, Vmme tho stormen beyde borch und Statt. De Russen begerden eynen frede, Vnd die Pleskowerr boden syck vnder denn Orden, wolden geuen vnd dar wordt eyn frede gemaket mith den Rusenn. Als dath Geerpolth oer Konnyngh beleuede, dath de Borch vud Statt vnd Alle, dath dar by lach, die gyngen vnder denn Ordenn vnd worden Christen. De Meyster besatte die Statt vnd Borch mith twen synen Broderenn, vnd meth Chrysten Volcke, vnd loueden Godt, vnd syne benedicde Moder, van grother Victorien vnd reysedenn wedderumb.
Van Lyfflandt
By diesem Meistcr Conradts tyden so was eyn grothe Stadt In Ruslandt gehethenn Neugardenn, vnd dar was eyn konningk Alexander. Diese vernam, dath die Van Pleskouwe an den Duytzschenn Orden gegann wharenn, by dem Meyster Hermans tydenn van Salsa als vorgeschreuen stehett. Dese Konninck Alexander makede syck rede mith eynem grothem Heere van Volcke, vnd toech mit grother macht vor Pleskouwe, vnd wanth sie. Sunder die Chrystenn werdenn syck frommelyck, vnd die Duytzschenn wordenn verschlagen vnd gefangenn, vnnd schwerlick gemartelt, vnnd dar worden verschlagen seuentich Ordens Herenn, De Konnynck Alexander was froe tho syner Victorien, vnnd die Broder meth ehren Volck, De dar doth bleuen, worden Merteler Cades, vor denn Chiryslenn gelouen.

Перевод
Этот магистр Герман Балк воевал в союзе с людьми короля против русских, которые причиняли ордену много вреда, особенно дерптскому епископу Герману, и магистр Герман пришел с силой к замку на Руси, называемому Изборск, и здесь выступили им навстречу русские, и завязался ожесточенный бой. Христиане победили, и там было убито восемьсот русских, другие обращены в бегство, и из них многие взяты в плен. Этот магистр со своими братьями-рыцарями и войском разбили свои палатки на поле перед Псковом, так называется город на Руси. Магистр приказал, чтобы каждый приготовился к штурму замка и города. Русские попросили мира, и псковичи подчинились ордену, и тогда был заключен мир с русскими.
Князь Герпольт согласился на то, чтобы замок и город и все прилежащие земли перешли в руки ордена и их жители стали христианами. Магистр занял город и замок христианским отрядом [во главе] с двумя своими братьями-рыцарями, и все возносили хвалу богу и его пречистой матери за большую победу и возвратились в Ливонию.


History of Livonia by Johannes Renner (middle of the 16th century)

Ock gewan de meister Isborch mit slorme. Dar wurden de Russen gefangen edder geschlagen. Do de Plescouwers dit vornemen, rusteden se sich und quemen den ohren to hulpe, dar wort manlich gefochten up beiden siden. Averst der Russen worden 800 erschlagen, de schlacliting geschach by Isborch in Ruszlandt, de andern nemen de flucht, den folgeden de Dudesclien na belh aver de Muddouw wente vor de stadt Plescouw und belegerden de sulven, und als men sich tom stormen rustede, forchteden sich de Russen und begerden freden. De wort also gemaket, dat der Russen koning Gerpolt dem orden aver leth sloete und lande, dar mit dat storment under wegen bleve, wo dan ock geschach. Also leth de hermeister twe ridderbroder mit velen dusent thor besettinge im lande und loch wedder na hus, alse 9000 Russen weren gebleven und umbgekamen. Alse dit dem koninge van Nougarden to wetende wort, sammelde he ein groth folck und quam den Plescouwern to hulpe, vorjagede de beiden ridderbroders sampt den Dudeschen und nam dat lant wedder in, kerde dar na vedder to rugge. Dar na rustede sich koning Alexander van Suszdal, welches ock einc grote sladt is in Ruszlandt, den schaden to wreken und quam mit groter macht in Liflandt, rovede und brande. Darjegen ruslede sich de hermester. Desgeliken sande Herman bischop to Dorpte dem orden vele volckes tho hulpe und togen den Russen entjegen und oft se wol swack weren, so schlogen se doch mit den fienden, averst se worden nedder gelecht, dan der Russen weren wol 60 man up einen Dudschen. Hir bleven doth 20 ordens broder mid 6 worden gefangen, der Dorptischen quemen vele wech. Do koning Alexander also den stridt beholden hadde, toch he wedder to hus, wowol he ock mannigen man vorlaren hedde.

Перевод
Также Изборск магистр взял приступом. Русские там были взяты в плен или убиты. Когда псковичи это узнали, они вооружились и пришли своим на помощь, там храбро сражались с обеих сторон. Но 800 русских было убито, бой происходил под Изборском на Руси, другие обратились в бегство, их преследовали немцы через реку Великую до города Пскова и осадили его, а когда стали готовиться к приступу, русские испугались и попросили мира. Он был заключен на таких условиях, что князь русских Герпольт уступил ордену замки и земли, чтобы приступ не состоялся, что и было соблюдено. Итак, магистр оставил для оккупации [Псковской] земли двух братьев-рыцарей со многими тысячами [немцев] и ушел опять домой, таким образом 9000 русских осталось [на поле брани] и погибло. Когда это стало известно новгородскому князю, он собрал большое войско и пришел псковичам на помощь, прогнал обоих братьев - рыцарей вместе с немцами и вновь занял землю, после чего возвратился опять домой. Затем вооружился князь Александр из Суздаля, который также большой город на Руси, чтобы отомстить за вред, [причиненный немцами], и пришел с большой силой в Ливонию, грабил и жег. Против этого вооружился магистр. Равным образом Герман, епископ дерптский, послал на помощь ордену много войска, и они выступили навстречу русским, и хотя они были слабы числом, но все же бились с врагами, но их одолели, так как русских было около 60 человек на одного немца. Здесь было убито 20 орденских братьев, а 6 было взято в плен, из дерптцев многие спаслись. После того как князь Александр таким образом одержал победу, он ушел опять домой, поскольку также потерял много людей.


Chronicle of Livonia by Balthasar Russow (1578)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balthasar_Russow

This is where the Russian knyaz' is for the first time translated as Fuerst.

... de Koninck tho Dennemarcken... hefft ock eine stadtlike Krygesmacht van Volcke wedder de Vnchrislen dem Orden tho hulpe geschicket, mit welckerem Volcke de Meister Herman Valcke, sick wedder de Russen gerustet hefft, de dem Orden, vnde insunderheit dem Bisschop Herman tho Dorpte, des affgedrungenen Dorptescher. huses haluen, ane vnderladt groten schaden thogefoget hebben. Derwegen de Meister mit groter macht in Ruslandt von Iseborg gerucket ys, vnde hefft dar mit den Russen gestreden, erer vele nedder gelecht, vnde de ouerigen in de flucht geschlagen. Darna hebben sick de Meisler vnde Bisschop Herman tho Dorpte, mit dem gantzen Heer vor de Stadt Pleskow in Ruslandt gelegert, vbde hebben de Stadt stormen willen. Auerst dc Russen in der Pleskow, hebben einen Frede begeret, vnd sick dem Orden thoergeuende erbaden, Welekes denn mit beleuinge Gerpolts des Russischen Forsten ock geschehen ys, do ys beyde dat Schlot vnde dc Stadt Pleskow, dem Meister auerantwordet geworden. vnd de Meister hefft dat Schlot vnde det Stadt mit Ordensbrodern vnde mit Christen Volcke wol besettet, vnde hebben samptliken Godt gelauet vnde gedancket, vor dc grote auerwinninge, vnde sint darna wedderumme na Lyfflandt gereyset. Auerst Alexander de Forste van Nowgarden, hefft dem Orden de Pleskow wedderumme affgewunnen, do men schreff 1244. De Christen hebben sick wol Ridderliken geweret, auerst thom lesten hebben se vorlaren geuen moten. Do sint erschlagen 70. Ordensbroder, mit velem dudeschen Volcke, vnde 6. Broder sint gefangen, vnde tho dode gemartert worden.

Перевод
... король Данин... послал также на помощь ордену против нехристей значительную воинскую силу, с каковым войском магистр Герман Балк вооружился против русских, которые ордену, а особенно дерптскому епископу Герману из-за захваченного дерптского замка беспрестанно причиняли большой вред. Поэтому магистр вторгся с большой силой в Русскую землю, к Изборску, и там сражался с русскими, многих из них перебил, а остальных обратил в бегство. Затем магистр и дерптский епископ Герман со всем войском расположились лагерем перед городом Псковом на Руси и намеревались штурмовать город. Но русские в Пскове запросили мира и выразили готовность сдаться ордену, что и произошло с согласия русского князя Герпольта, тогда замок и город Псков были сданы магистру, и магистр крепко занял замок и город орденскими рыцарями и христианским войском, и все возносили хвалу и благодарность богу за большую победу, а затем обратно возвратились в Ливоиию. Но новгородский князь Александр обратно отвоевал от ордена Псков в 1244 году. Христиане, правда, сражались мужественно, но в конце концов они потерпели поражение. Тогда было убито семьдесят орденских рыцарей с многими из немецкого войска, а шесть братьев - рыцарей попали в плен и были замучены до смерти.

http://www.junik.lv/~link/livonia/research/ice_battle/index.htm
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Old Monday, August 28th, 2006
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Default Re: Russia Commemorates Kulikovo Field Victory

Norse sagas always call Russian rulers kings. A couple of examples




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Default Re: Russia Commemorates Kulikovo Field Victory

Russian rulers are always called kings in medieval Swedish chronicles up to the 16th century.

Eric's Chronicle of the 14th century:



The following two excerts describe the siege that the Russian velikiy knyaz' Yury Danilovich of Moscow laid at the Swedish castle of Vyborg. The 15th century chronicle calls him correctly magnipotens rex, while its 16th century counterpart gives the erroneous translation storforsten.

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Default Re: Russia Commemorates Kulikovo Field Victory

In 1323 Russia and Sweden made the Peace Treaty of Orekhovets.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Noteborg

It is made in three languages (Russian, Swedish and Latin), and all three versions call the Russian ruler High King, and the Swedish, just King, i.e. put him lower in the higherarchy.




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Default Re: Russia Commemorates Kulikovo Field Victory

Finally, excerpts from memoirs of the French traveller Guilbert de Lannoy, who visited Russia in the early 15th century.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_de_Lannoy

He calls the velikiy knyaz' of Moscow grant roy.




And I think that our Byelorussian comrades will find the following excerpt especially enlightening, because it mentions the velikiy knyaz' of Moscow alongside the velikiy knyaz' of Lithuania. The former is quite correctly translated as grant roy, and the latter, quite correctly again, as duc and prince.

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Default Re: Russia Commemorates Kulikovo Field Victory

Quote:
Originally Posted by Whiteruthenian
A nice article about the Kulikovo battle (in Russian): http://secret-r.net/publish.php?p=48

Well, brethren and sisters, may be after this post I shall be considered “the second edition of Nestor ”, but it may be interesting and… I just like to discuss historical subjects. That’s all. (By the way, comrade Svin, you should try to read the whole article (“Litvins” are mentioned there a lot of times – it may be interesting for you.))

Some facts from that article:

- Dmitry Donskoy wasn’t blessed by Sergiy of Radonezh. In fact Sergiy (according to “The Sergiy of Radonezh’s Life”) advised Dmity to be obedient to Mamay. Besides, Dmitry was officially DAMNED by metropolitan Cyprian (because Dmitry forced him to leave Moscow in 1378). (What irony – now he is proclaimed “a saint”!)

- Nobody came to help Dmitry! Any independent, sovereign knyaz! (Only some of his vassals did.) Even Dmitry's father-in-law and his namesake, Dmitry Konstantinovich of Nizhegorod, didn't send any man. The most unique case. One could lose heart, another one could turn away, the third one could ignore it because of some own reasons, but there was no such case neither before it nor after it when all the knyazes refused to help, including Dmitry's father-in-law … It means that already here "the ordinary version" of the battle collapses like a house of cards.

- Dmitry was a vassal of khan Tokhtamysh. The khan Tokhtamysh’s troops helped him to get back the Moscow throne after the revolt in Moscow against the Horde. That is why in 1383 he and his son thankfully went to the Horde to khan Tokhtamysh (What a funny result of “the victory over the Horde!”)

- So Dmitry was the ally to the Horde. Mamay was not subordinated to the Horde. (!)

- During the centuries they have been adding new fictions to that legend. That is why we have a lot of mismatches there (for example, the Great Duke of Lithuania, Ruthenia and Samogitia Olgierd cannot take part in battle because he died in 1377, Fedor of Taruss also cannot – he died near Belevo in 1437 (!) etc.

I’m looking forward to somebody’s comments.
It is true, as true as the fact that Vitovt was a vassal of khan Tokhtamysh and the Battle on the Vorskla was fought between two fractions of the Tatar Horde.
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Default Re: Russia Commemorates Kulikovo Field Victory

Quote:
Originally Posted by Austrvegr
It is true, as true as the fact that Vitovt was a vassal of khan Tokhtamysh and the Battle on the Vorskla was fought between two fractions of the Tatar Horde.
And those people try to make fun of Ukrainians' historical mythology?!

About Vitaut. Did he mint on his coins the words “Long live Tokhtamysh khan blah-blah-blah…’ too, like Dmitry? Wow! Didn’n know it.

Thanks for quoting from German chronicles so much but why don’t you (Austrvegr) pay attention on Russian chronicles? If I understand clearly, we are talking about the meaning of the RUSSIAN words korol’ and knyaz’. They have different meanings, haven’t they? And that difference existed not from 16th century, but probably always. Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary (thanks for link) says that the word korol’ was used in Ipat’yevskaya Chronicle and in Chronicle of Novgorod. Sorry, I haven’t found the text of Ipat’yevskaya Chronicle (but if I found the quotations would me much older, because Ipat’yevskaya Chronicle describe events before 1292) but here is the oldest quotation when the word korol’ mentioned first (I designated the words knyaz’ too):

В лЂто 6831 [1323]. Ходиша новгородци съ княземь Юрьемь и поставиша город на усть Невы, на ОрЂховомь островЂ; ту же приЂхавше послы великы от свЂиского короля и докончаша миръ вЂчныи съ княземь и с Новымьгородомь по старои пошлинЂ

Do you (Austrvegr) really believe in such nonsense that the comrades who wrote old Russian chronicles thought something like “Well, we are writing both ‘knyaz’ Olgierd’ and ‘knyaz’ Dmitry’ but we know that in Dmitry’s case knyaz’ means much more than in Olgierd’s case” Idiotism. Here is a proof that those comrades weren’t idiots and understood the difference between the words korol’ and knyaz’. In these quotations from the Chronicle of Novgorod the same man is mentioned, Jagiello. In the quotation from year 1381 he was correctly called knyaz’:

В лЂто 6889 [1381]. Заложиша церковь камену святыи Дмитрии на Славко†улицЂ. Тои же осени стоялъ князь Литовьскыи Скригаило под Полотскомъ с нЂмечьскою ратью, и много бысть имъ тягости; и прислаша к Новугороду, просяще помоци по крестияньству: «помогли бы есте по насъ». И не бысть имъ помощи от Новаграда, толко посолъ послаша Юрья Онцифоровица къ князю Литовьскому Ягаилу.

But in (as far as I remember) 1386 he was crowned as a Polish king (korol), and in the quotation from 1412 he is (again correctly) called korol’ (in the same Chronicle of Novgorod):

В лЂто 6920 [1412]. Поставиша церковь камену святого Николу в ПорховЂ, а другую на Веряжи у мосту святого Николу церковь древяну в манастырЂ, а 3-ю на КлопьскЂ церковь древяную святую Троицю. А Лугвень съЂха аЛитву и намЂстьникы сведе с пригородовъ новрородчкых. А князь Василии Московьскыи, Иванъ ТфЂрьскыи ходиша в Орду ко цесарю Зелени-Салътану, Тахтамышеву сыну. А король Ягаило и Витовтъ и Лугвенъ въскинуша грамоты възметныи к Новугороду генваря въ 2, а рекъ тако король и Витовтъ, что…

Theoretically (well, brethren an sisters, now self-educated linguist Whiteruthenian is going to show off a bit ) if we suppose that there was the word *korl (with uprised intonation) in the Uhr-Slavic language we will get such words in different Slavic languages: czech. král (they have it), rus. korol’ (the last syllable is (and theoretically should be) accented) (they have it), serb. kral (here is a mismatch - they have short accent here but theoretically they should have long one), pol. krol (they have it, but now they pronounce ‘o’ like ‘u’, but still write król – this is a result of a later phonetic process), lusat. krol (they have it). As far as I know the ‘o’ in Uhr-Slavic language was originated from Indo-European short vowels ‘o’ an ‘a’… Could anybody continue this stuff? Because I couldn’t.

Well, it seems to me there is a lot of ‘hits’, too many ‘hits’. Either Vasmer's etymology of the word is wrong or the Uhr-Slavic language existed longer than thought. Don’t know.
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"[...] jak nie ad nas zaležyć vybirać sabie baćkoŭ, tak nie ad nas zaležyć vybirać sabie nacyju; možna tolki spaŭniać abo nie spaŭniać pavinnaści, vynikajučyja z prynaležnaści da svajho narodu.”
© Dr. Jan Stankievič "Ź historyji Biełarusi"
([…] just as it depends not on us to choose for ourselves parents, it depends not on us to choose for ourselves a nation; one can only perform or not perform the duties which are the consequence of belonging to his/her people)

Last edited by Whiteruthenian; Monday, August 28th, 2006 at 21:46. Reason: apostrophe in wrong place
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Old Tuesday, August 29th, 2006
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Default Re: Russia Commemorates Kulikovo Field Victory

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Originally Posted by Whiteruthenian
Thanks for quoting from German chronicles so much but why don’t you (Austrvegr) pay attention on Russian chronicles? If I understand clearly, we are talking about the meaning of the RUSSIAN words korol’ and knyaz’. They have different meanings, haven’t they? And that difference existed not from 16th century, but probably always.
Yes, they have different meanings. Knyaz' is a wider term, it is a generic term for a ruler of any land, while korol' has a narrower meaning, it is a western knyaz', like khan is a Turkic knyaz'. In Russian chronicles the words knyaz' and korol' are often used side by side in reference to Swedish and other western rulers as fully synonymous. Up until the 16th century this was well understood even in the West, as I have already amply illustrated. That is why the correct translation for the Russian velikiy knyaz' is high or grand king, and for the Lithuanian velikiy knyaz', grand duke.

Quote:
Originally Posted by Whiteruthenian
Theoretically (well, brethren an sisters, now self-educated linguist Whiteruthenian is going to show off a bit ) if we suppose that there was the word *korl (with uprised intonation) in the Uhr-Slavic language we will get such words in different Slavic languages: czech. král (they have it), rus. korol’ (the last syllable is (and theoretically should be) accented) (they have it), serb. kral (here is a mismatch - they have short accent here but theoretically they should have long one), pol. krol (they have it, but now they pronounce ‘o’ like ‘u’, but still write król – this is a result of a later phonetic process), lusat. krol (they have it). As far as I know the ‘o’ in Uhr-Slavic language was originated from Indo-European short vowels ‘o’ an ‘a’… Could anybody continue this stuff? Because I couldn’t.

Well, it seems to me there is a lot of ‘hits’, too many ‘hits’. Either Vasmer's etymology of the word is wrong or the Uhr-Slavic language existed longer than thought. Don’t know.
For some reason I find Vasmer's linguistic credentials much more convincing than yours.
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Old Tuesday, August 29th, 2006
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Default Re: Russia Commemorates Kulikovo Field Victory

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Originally Posted by Whiteruthenian
And those people try to make fun of Ukrainians' historical mythology?!

About Vitaut. Did he mint on his coins the words “Long live Tokhtamysh khan blah-blah-blah…’ too, like Dmitry? Wow! Didn’n know it.
Live and learn.

http://forum.stirpes.net/showthread....4019#post84019
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Old Wednesday, August 30th, 2006
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Default Re: Russia Commemorates Kulikovo Field Victory

If I understand clearly, you (Austrvegr) are insisting on the theory that in old Russian language velikiy knyaz’ had two meaning at least, the first meaning for a Lithuanian leader, the second meaning for a Muscovite leader, aren’t you? Wow! It’s the first time I’ve met such a theory. You should send it to the “Rodina” magazine.

I see a simpler (and therefore more reasonable) explanation. Those comrades who used to write old Russian chronicles called both Lithuanian and Muscovite leaders velikiy knyaz’ just because for them those leaders were equal by title. That’s all. But in this case you should translate the title of Lithuanian leaders (according to your own logic) as grand king too. Only your blind belief in Muscovite supremacy prevent you from doing it and made you invent your own theories. It isn’t good, comrade.

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Originally Posted by Austrvegr
Thanks for the information. Condominium is the situation when two (or more) powers (in this case the Grand Duchy and the Horde) rule some territories together (in this case some lands on the territory of the present Ukraine). Er… What should I comment? An interesting theory, but true or not I don’t know. History of those lands isn’t my field. I’ll probably wait for Ukrainians comrades to comment it.

There’s again confusing of terms in that article. The troops of the Grand Duchy are called Lithuanian-Russian (I wonder where the Grand Duchy mobilized Russian soldiers), but chronicles are called Lithuanian-Belarusian. That is why I’m again strongly recommending you (Austrvegr) to be careful with terminology.
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Quote:
“Every tree that bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire.” (Matthew 7:19)
"[...] jak nie ad nas zaležyć vybirać sabie baćkoŭ, tak nie ad nas zaležyć vybirać sabie nacyju; možna tolki spaŭniać abo nie spaŭniać pavinnaści, vynikajučyja z prynaležnaści da svajho narodu.”
© Dr. Jan Stankievič "Ź historyji Biełarusi"
([…] just as it depends not on us to choose for ourselves parents, it depends not on us to choose for ourselves a nation; one can only perform or not perform the duties which are the consequence of belonging to his/her people)
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Old Friday, September 1st, 2006
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