Brünn Race

[Weisthor]

Whether actually existed two Upper Palaeolithic Anthropological Racial Types from the same location Brno (Moravia, Czech Republic; also called Brünn) but from different times and culture!? First is from Aurignacian period (35.000 - 22.000 B.C.), broad-faced, dolichochephalic; and second from Solutrean period (18.000 - 14.000 B.C.), but long-faced also dolichochephalic. Comments are welcome!

~~~The first type I think is Coon's Brünn (from Ireland) and Lundman's Palaeo-Atlantid Race.


Ireland - Brünns

By means of this study it is possible to reconstruct with some probability the living appearance of the Upper Palaeolithic men. They were typically tall, broad-shouldered, large-chested; their heads were large, their browridges heavy to medium; their foreheads broad and high; their faces were broad and slightly flattish, the mouth large, with lips of moderated thickness and little eversion, the lines around the mouth deeply drawn, the whole lower jaw wide and deep, with a prominent chin. The nose was of moderate to large size, straight to concave-profiled, with a moderately thick, upturned tip. The hair was brown and wavy, frequently rufous, of medium abundance on beard and body; the eyes light-mixed blue. The skin was typically inclined to freckling, and very fair.

One feature for which the Irish face is famous in caricature, along with the freckles, the great malar breadth, the upturned nose, and the long, convex upper lip, is the great prominence of the chin.
The Upper Palaeolithic people are concentrated in southwestern Ireland, especially in Kerry and Cork; just in the part of Ireland from which the Irish in America are mostly derived.

Dolichocephalic individuals who recapitulate the metrical and morphological qualities of the Cro-Magnon and Brunn-Predmost Aurignacian people are commonest in Scandinavia and in Ireland. In Scandinavia they are found concentrated along the southern Swedish coast in the neighborhood of Goteborg, and in the mountains of southwestern Norway.

The Races of Europe, Carleton S. Coon, 1939
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In certain outlying parts of Scandinavia and Ireland, a primitive race - the Palaeo-Atlantid still lives in small remnants (See Map 18). The Palaeo-Atlantid race is darker than the Nordid race - especially as regards to hair color. It is also coarser than the Faelish subrace, with stronger brow ridges, and a broader, plumper nose. With respect to the ABQ-blood group system, the Palaeo-Atlantid race is high in blood type gene r and low in blood type genes p and q. In the north, this race is named the Tydals race, after a village in central Norway.

Palaeo-Atlantid Race: somewhat protomorphic, broad-nosed, very broad-faced, tall and robust, light-mixed in pigmentation. Low in the frequency of blood type gene p and high in blood type gene r.
The Races and Peoples of Europe, Bertil Lundman, New York, 1977.
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Along with other ancient and primitive racial remnants, ferocious gorilla like living specimens of the Neanderthal man are found not infrequently on the west coast of Ireland, and are easily recognized by the great upper lip, bridgeless nose, beetling brow and low growing hair, and wild and savage aspect. The proportions of the skull which give rise to this large upper lip, the low forehead, and the superorbital ridges are clearly Neanderthal characters. The other traits of this Irish type are common to many primitive races. This is the Irishman of caricature, and the type was very frequent in America when the first Irish immigrants came in 1846 and the following years. It seems, however, to have almost disappeared in this country.

The Passing of the Great Race, Madison Grant, New York, 1916.
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~~~The second type I suppose is Coon's Upper Palaeolithic Brünn element in Trondelagen Type (which is Lundman's Trönder folk stock of Scando-Nordid subrace - field marked with T on map) and Grant's Brunn-Pwredmost Race.


Trondelagen Type: A hybrid type of Nordic with Corded and Brünn elements, frequent in the central coastal provinces of Norway, north of the Dovre Mountains; the principal form in Iceland, and among the Frisians, and common in the British Isles. The Anglo-Saxon type lies between it and the true Nordic.

The Races of Europe, Carleton S. Coon, 1939.
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In the next period, the Solutrean, the Cro-Magnons shared Europe with a new race known as the Brunn-Pwredmost, found in central Europe. This race is characterized by a long face as well as a long skull, and was, therefore, harmonic. This Brunn-Pwredmost race would appear to have been well settled in the Danubian and Hungarian plains, and this location indicates an eastern rather than a southern origin.
Good anatomists have seen in this race the last lingering traces of the Neanderthaloids, but it is more probable that we have here the first advance wave of the primitive forerunners of one of the modern European dolichocephalic races.

The Passing of the Great Race, Madison Grant, New York, 1916.
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And Frans_Jozef on forum.skadi.net about Nordid Racial Origin quoted Kossinna (Ursprung und Verbreitung der Germanen in vor -und fruehgeschichtlicher Zeit, 1936)

In any event, about the fourth to third millenium BC three nordiform skull types are to be found amoung the Northeuropean population:

1. a dolichoid with dome-like backhead, low or medium long face with equal dualistic measurements for the upper facial parts, steep forehead, with beaky nose, angular slant-like orbits, but unlike Cro Magnon the browridges are strong (finds: Mysinge,Öland, Swedish megalithic burials, Hunnebo in West Sweden).

2. a dolichoid type with receding forehead and marked browridges, long-faced but with roundish backhead (finds: Visby, Gotland).

3. the Avigny type: a dolichoid with long face and rounded backhead, but unlike the Capellids with steep forehead, lacking browridges (finds: Denmark, North France).
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Mediterranean Subrace

Morphological Types:

1. Upper Palaeolithic ("Galley Hill," "Combe Capelle," "Atlanto-Mediterranean")

a. Head form: very long, usually over 200 mm., very dolichocephalic, length-breadth index usually under 75; occiput protuberant
b. Brow-ridges: usually large
c. Forehead: usually receding
d. Nasion depression: deep
e. Hair form: usually very wavy or curly
f. Nose form: usually straight, medium breadth and height, rather coarse
g. Face form: often very long face, deep jaws, rather prominent malars
h. Stature: usually tall (over 170 cm.) but may be medium, rarely short
i. Skin color: generally dark

Distribution: sporadic in refuge areas of Europe and the Middle East; probably commonest in Ireland, Scotland, Wales.

2. Iranian Plateau ("Indo-Afghan," "Irano-Afghan")
...
3. Classic Mediterranean
...

Earnest A. Hooton, Up from the Ape, 1946.
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[Linus]

Some illustrative pictures, many reconstructions of the Cro-Magnon:





See also Lundman's Scandinavian Tydal type:
http://forum.stirpes.net/showpost.ph...57&postcount=7

General descriptions:

Originally Posted by Exeter

CROMAGNON RACE, the name given by Paul Broca to a type of mankind supposed to be represented by remains found by Lartet, Christy and others, in France in the Cromagnon cave at Les Eyzies, Tayac district, Dordogne. At the foot of a steep rock near the village this small cave, nearly filled with debris, was found by workmen in 1868. Towards the top of the loose strata three human skeletons were unearthed. They were those of an old man, a young man and a woman, the latters skull bearing the mark of a severe wound. The skulls presented such special characteristics that Broca took them as types of a race, Palaeolithic man is exclusively long-headed, and the dolichocephalic appearance of the crania (they had a mean cephalic index of 73.34) supported the view that the find at Les Eyzies was palaeoiithic. It is, however, inaccurate to state that brachycephaly appears at once with the neolithic age, dolichocephaly even of a pronounced type persisting far into neolithic times. The Cromagnon race may thus be, as many anthropologists believe it, early neolithic, a type of man who spread over and inhabited a large portion of Europe at the close of the Pleistocene period. Some have sought to find in it the substratum of the present populations of western Europe. Quatrefages identifies Cromagnon man with the tall, long-headed, fair Kabyles (Berbers) who still survive in various parts of Mauritania. He suggests the introduction of the Cromagnon from Siberia, arriving in Europe simultaneously with the great mammals (which were driven by the cold from Siberia), and no doubt following their route.
See A. H. Keanes Ethnology (1896); Mortillet, Le Prhistoriquc (1900); Sergi, The Mediterranean Race (1901); Lord Avebury, Prehistoric Times, p. 317 of 1900 edition.

Source: 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica

Originally Posted by Nadvojvoda Janez Kranjski

Cro-Magnons

Cro-Magnon is the name of a rock shelter near Les Eyzies-de-Tayac, Dordogne, Fr., where several prehistoric skeletons were found in 1868. Sent to the site, the French geologist Louis Lartet began excavations in which he established the existence of five archaeological layers covered with ash. The age of the human remains found in the topmost layer—along with worked flint and the bones of animals of species now extinct—is Upper Paleolithic (c. 35,000–10,000 years ago), but the attribution of these to a clearly defined Upper Paleolithic culture is less definite. Traditionally regarded as Aurignacian, since typically Aurignacian artifacts were found in the rock shelter, they could be more recent, and it has been suggested that they should be assigned to the Perigordian (a separate industry covering approximately the same time period as the Aurignacian), which would give an age of about 25,000 BC.


Examination and analysis of fossils

Although it appears that at the time of discovery the remains of more than 10 individuals existed at Cro-Magnon, only fragments from some five individuals were preserved and studied, among them the cranium and mandible of a male about 50 years old. Considered representative of the Cro-Magnon type, this specimen is known as the “Old Man of Cro-Magnon.” Also preserved were skull fragments of about four other individuals, some bits of bone from a fetus or newborn child, and an assortment of bones attributed variously to the individuals mentioned above. The first subject mentioned, the Old Man of Cro-Magnon, has been regarded as typical of the Cro-Magnon peoples.

The skull is longheaded (dolichocephalic) and as seen from above has a pentagonal outline, with outward bulging of the parietal bones (at the sides of the skull). The forehead is straight, the browridges only slightly projecting, the cranial vault noticeably flattened, and the occipital bone (at the back of the head) projects backward. The cranial capacity is large, about 1,600 cubic centimetres (about 100 cubic inches). Although the skull is relatively long and narrow, the face appears quite short and wide. This combination is often regarded as a common feature of the Cro-Magnon race. The forward projection of the upper jaw (maxilla) is also distinctive. The eye sockets are low-set, wide, and rather square in shape; and the nasal aperture of the skull is narrow and strongly projecting. The mandible is robust, with massive ascending ramus (the upward projection of the lower jaw, where it attaches to the skull), strongly developed points of muscular attachment, and a quite prominent chin.

The root of only one molar tooth remains in the jaw of the Old Man of Cro-Magnon, a fact that contributed to the idea of his advanced age. In fact, it is probable that the loss of the majority of his teeth occurred after death. The teeth of the other individuals found at Cro-Magnon, which are similar to the teeth of other fossil humans classed as Cro-Magnon, show that the dentition of Cro-Magnons was nearly identical to that of modern humans. Most of the teeth recovered, however, especially the last molars, are distinctly larger than those of most modern peoples. Dental caries is sometimes apparent, and tooth wear is often extreme.

The remainder of the Cro-Magnon skeleton is not fully known from the remains found at the original site, which are incomplete and poorly preserved. Skeletal material attributed to the Cro-Magnon race from other sites, however, affords the general impression of robustness, probably combined with powerful musculature. The forearm is relatively long, as is the thigh; the femur (thighbone) has a very prominent linea aspera (a bony ridge that runs lengthwise down the back of the femur), and the tibia is flattened from back to front (platycnemy). The hand skeleton is large with short fingers, and the foot has a prominent heel.

Early investigators were impressed by the stature of Cro-Magnon man, as some reconstructions suggest that the Old Man of Cro-Magnon may have been as much as 190 centimetres (six feet three inches) tall. A restudy, however, suggests that the stature of the original Cro-Magnon remains varied from 166 to 171 centimetres (five feet five inches to five feet seven inches). The stature of several skeletons from the Grimaldi Caves (in Italy, near the French frontier), which show clear affinities to those of Cro-Magnon, was noticeably greater, with an average height of 177 centimetres. It is thus reasonable to conclude that, on the whole, the Cro-Magnon peoples were relatively tall.

Lesions noted in the Cro-Magnon skeletal remains have been attributed to wounds, but one analysis has suggested that these lesions are pathological in origin and may have resulted from the action of a toxic mushroom, Actinomyces israeli.

Two French prehistorians, A. de Quatrefages and Ernest Hamy, in 1882 took the Cro-Magnon fossils to be prototypes of a Cro-Magnon race. As opposed to the Neanderthal race—the first remains of which were found about 25 years earlier—the Cro-Magnons were then considered to be the most ancient form of Homo sapiens. To the Cro-Magnons were assigned other remains discovered before 1868 at La Madeleine and Bruniquel, in France; Engis, in Belgium; and Paviland, in Wales. Subsequently, further finds of human skeletal remains extended the geographic range of the Cro-Magnon peoples through much of Europe and into Asia and North Africa. Many of the central European fossils, however, belong to a type that differs from the Cro-Magnons called Brno-Predmosti, named for the area of central Czechoslovakia where they were discovered; like the Combe-Capelle remains, which they resemble, these individuals appear to have more primitive characteristics than typical for Cro-Magnons.


The place of Cro-Magnons in human evolution

The question of the relation of Cro-Magnons to the earliest forms of Homo sapiens is still unclear. It does appear, however, that Cro-Magnons (H. sapiens sapiens) and Neanderthals (H. sapiens neanderthalensis) are closer in affinity than was once believed. It long was thought that certain Cro-Magnon traits could be seen in human remains of Middle Pleistocene age (900,000–130,000 years old), but this argument no longer seems convincing. The tendency now is to locate the origin of the Cro-Magnon type in western Asia, as typified by the remains found at the Jebel Qafzeh and Skhul sites in Israel.

Perhaps as complex as the question of origin is that of the duration of Cro-Magnons. It appears that they flourished during the Upper Paleolithic, and that there was a tendency toward more gracile individuals, as seen in the fossils from Saint-Germain-la-Rivière in France. Individuals with at least some Cro-Magnon characteristics—called Cro-Magnoids—are found in the Upper Paleolithic, the Mesolithic (in Europe, c. 8000–c. 5000 BC)—for example, at Muge, Port.—and in the Neolithic (in Europe, roughly from 5000 to about 2000 BC); at the same time, remains have been found for individuals who were quite different, often brachycephalic (broad-headed). Some modern human groups that are more or less homogeneous are thought to have retained a close relationship to Cro-Magnon types, at least in their cranial morphology. Particularly noteworthy are the Dal people from Dalecarlia (now Dalarna, Swed.) and the Guanches of the Canary Islands, the latter of which is said to represent a relatively pure Cro-Magnon stock.


The culture of the Cro-Magnons

The ties between Homo sapiens sapiens, and particularly Cro-Magnon peoples and the various Upper Paleolithic cultures (e.g., Châtelperronian, Aurignacian, and Gravettian, which are classified on the basis of stone and bone tools), are relatively clear, although in 1979 Neanderthal fossils were found in Châtelperronian strata near Saint-Césaire, Fr. It is still difficult to establish precisely an outline of physical types and cultures for this period. Moreover, there are some detectable differences between populations and cultures of western Europe and roughly contemporaneous populations of central or eastern Europe.


Toolmaking

The Cro-Magnon peoples are generally associated with the Aurignacian culture tool industry, and perhaps with the Gravettian (also called Upper Perigordian). The Aurignacian tool industry is characterized by retouched blade tools, end scrapers and “nosed” scrapers, burins (chisellike tools), and fine bone tools, in particular long, flat points (spearheads) with cleft bases. Other bone and reindeer-horn implements are also seen: awls, tools for smoothing and scraping leather, and the so-called bâtons de commandement—bars of antler or bone with holes drilled in them, the use of which is still uncertain, although they may have been used for straightening arrow or spear shafts. The Gravettian industry differs from the Aurignacian industry in the use of an abrupt retouching technique to form what are called backed blades (i.e., tools with one edge blunted). Modern knowledge of all of these industries has been advanced as the ability to trace how and why various implements were used by Paleolithic peoples has improved.


Dwellings

The dwellings of Cro-Magnons were most often caves and shelters made by rock overhangs, but it is apparent that huts were made also; sometimes these were simply lean-tos against rock walls, but foundation stones and “pavements” of stone in the shape of houses are evidence of complete huts. These houses are not a new development with the Cro-Magnons, however; both the Neanderthals and earlier peoples of the Middle Pleistocene are associated with similar remains. It seems probable that the Cro-Magnons lived fairly settled lives. Studies of occupation sites and the types and extent of remains found in these sites suggest that the rock shelters were inhabited throughout the year rather than seasonally, and it is likely that these Paleolithic hunters moved their homes only when hunting or environmental conditions forced them to do so.


Hunting techniques

The climate in the habitable parts of Europe in Cro-Magnon times was cool to cold. Plants and animals of types associated with tundra and steppe environments were usual. Bone remains found at Cro-Magnon occupation sites indicate that they were successful hunters of such animals as reindeer, bison, wild horse, and even mammoth. As yet, very little is known of Cro-Magnon hunting methods—for example, whether hunting was individual or collective or if bows or traps were used. It is obvious from the animal remains, however, that hunting techniques must have been efficacious.


Aesthetics and religion

Although earlier human groups certainly had religious practices of some sort—the Neanderthal people buried their dead, a practice merely continued and elaborated by Cro-Magnon and later peoples—and no doubt had some appreciation of aesthetics as well, the first examples of prehistoric art are Cro-Magnon. Small engravings, reliefs, and sculptures of animals have been found in Aurignacian and Gravettian sites, as well as a few later statuettes of ivory or stone and occasional engravings in stone of female figures. These figures are usually large-breasted, wide-hipped, and most often apparently pregnant; they are generally assumed to be some sort of fertility symbol, perhaps used in religious or magical rituals intended to promote the fertility of the group or, possibly, of the game.

The Cro-Magnon people also appreciated the decorative aspects of art, as demonstrated by their use of animal pictures and (more often) simple geometric designs to ornament tools and weapons. It is believed that the people of the second half of the Upper Paleolithic—i.e., of the Solutrean and even more so the Magdalenian culture—were of the Cro-Magnoid variety and that they were responsible for the many splendid paintings of animals found in caves in France and Spain; but such sculptures as that called the “Lady,” or “Venus,” found at Brassempouy, Fr., are thought to be the work of Cro-Magnon artists.



Henri J. Delporte


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http://www.clanrossi.com/Cromagnon.htm

What do they mean by Cro-Magnons?
1. In the widest sense, it means all pre-Holocene Moderns.
2. In the common sense, it refers to pre-Neolithic Europeans and NW Africans.
3. In a more technical sense, it refers to a population in northern Eurasia associated with the Aurignacian culture, with a specific morphology. It is this definition that we shall explore.

culture and location:
p. 184, In Search of the Neanderthals:
"If we can accept, as seems likely, that the Aurignacian was associated with the spread of Cro-Magnons into Europe, then the timing and direction of their colonization can be reconstructed. The earliest Aurignacian sites, more than 40,000 years old, are found in the centre and east of Europe."

physical description:
p. 183, In Search of the Neanderthals:
"So, the picture we have of Europe between 40,000 and 30,000 years ago is of an encounter between long-established natives and an incoming population. The newcomers were one step ahead technologically, and were fully modern anatomically. But that does not mean, as is often assumed, that they were fully European-looking: in fact they were physically unlike their successors of the last 10,000 years. Their faces were flatter, with more prominent cheek bones and lower, less prominent noses. Their skulls were larger, longer and relatively lower. As we have mentioned, some of them - especially the males - had rather bulging occipital bones, reflecting the large occipital lobes of the brain within. Because this area is also particularly prominent in the Neanderthals, it is one of the reasons put forward for including the Neanderthals in modern European ancestry; but the features is also found in Moderns well away from the Neanderthal zone (in Africa, South America and Australia), so it may reflect a parallel development in modern humans rather than a significant evolutionary link to the Neanderthals. The same may be said for the common presence of a mandibular foramen in both Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons. The teeth and jaws of the Cro-Magnons are larger than in modern Europeans, as was average stature and (probably) lean body weight. Estimates put early Cro-Magnon height at about 1.84 m (6 ft 1 in) in males and 1.67 m (5 ft 6 in) in females, with lean body weight at perhaps 70 and 55 kg (154 and 121 lb) respectively. So while body weight was comparable with that of Neanderthals, the weight was distributed differently, and the body proportions certainly contrasted strongly, an indication of possible warm adaption in the ancestors of the Cro-Magnons. Compared with modern European body weights - about 70 kg (154 lb) in males and 58 k (128 lb) in females - the Cro-Magnons were quite similar, but they were tall in comparison with their modern European counterparts, who average about 1.75 m (5 ft 8 in) in males and 1.62 m (5 ft 4 in) in females. There was also a whole range of differences between Cro-Magnon and Neanderthal skeletons, in such details as femoral shape and pelvic shape. One thing the neanderthals and early moderns did share, however, was a larger average brain size than present-day humans, including modern Europeans. As we discussed in Chapter 4, this may be related to the heavy body size of both the early European groups."

p. 180,
"Similar claims of affinities with the Neanderthals have been made for the large sample of human fossils from the cave of Mladec in Czechoslovakia. Here, the remains of several males, females, and a child show considerable variation in size and robusticity. The adult assumed males have very strong but modern brow ridges, whereas the females have little or no brow development. The skulls are relatively long and some have bulging occipital bones at the rear, which are reminiscent of those of some Neanderthals. Yet the preserved facial parts indicate a flat face with forward placed cheek bones, contrasting strongly with the Neanderthals (pl. 710). Probably dating from about 33,000-30,000 years ago, these Mladec people were undoubtedly primitive compared with modern Europeans, but primitive does not mean especially like, or derived from, Neanderthals. The strong build of Mladec skulls, particularly the males, is matched today in the most rugged individuals from areas as far from Europe as South America and Australia, where there is no suggestion of a Neanderthal connection. Of a similar age (about 32,000 years), the cranial vault from Stetten (Volgelherd) in Germany is almost a twin of one of the female Mladec skulls.

Various fragmentary early modern humans were found with Aurignacian stone tools in western Europe, some of which are convincingly modern. The most famous specimens are the remains found in the Cro-Magnon rockshelter in the Dordogne in 1868 (pl. 69). These remains, as we have already discussed, gave their name to the whole European Upper Palaeolithic race, and probably come from the later Aurignacian about 30,000 years ago. The 'old man' of Cro-Magnon (Cro-Magnon 1) is often contrasted with the 'old man' of la Chapelle (who we saw was probably no more than 40 years old at death) and the contrast is startling (pl. 80). Although their dissimilarity is somewhat exaggerated by the tooth loss in their jaws (which shortens the Cro-Magnon's face even more), the differences are real enough, particularly in the high forehead, small brows, low square orbits, wide, short and flat face, small nose and prominent but hollowed cheek bones of the Cro-Magnon. These differences extend through the rest of the skeleton, which is better represented at Cro-Magnon than at Mladec. The Cro-Magnon skeletons, especially of male individuals, were strongly built, but they were tall with longer lower parts to the arms and legs. These features contrast with the apparently cold-adapted physiques of the Neanderthals (Chapter 4) and would suggest, if we did not know that these individuals came from Europe, that they were in fact from tropical or sub-tropical areas. This unusual physique (seemingly so inappropriate for the cold conditions then prevailing in Europe) was apparently inherited by successive generations of Cro-Magnons until the peak of the last glaciation, which suggest an impressive ability to cope culturally with the worst effects of the cold. However, from the glacial maximum (about 18,000 years ago) onwards, later Cro-Magnons seem to have developed the sort of physique one would expect for their temperate or cold habitats, and in this sense they became more like the Neanderthals as well as modern Europeans. It has been suggested by Milford Wolpoff that the differences in limb proportions between Neanderthals and Cro-Magnon occurred as the latter took up longer distance walking and running, following changes in human patterns or the development of wider social networks. But this does not explain why such a long-legged physique should have appeared as long ago as 1.6 million years in the skeleton of the West Turkana boy, or in the 100,000-year-old skeletons from Skhul and Qafzeh, which were found in a Middle Palaeolithic context. We believe instead that climate adaption was responsible for these differences in physique."

p. 194,
"The exact relationship of Cro-Magnons to modern Europeans is, as we have said, still unclear. If their skull measurements are compared with data from different modern populations, they are scattered in their affiliations. While the Mladec I woman seems European enough, many others (such as those from Predmosti and Cro-Magnon) seem allied to distant populations in Asia, Africa, Australia or the Americas. This does not mean that the Cro-Magnons were the ancestors of all these populations, but it may indicate that the Cro-Magnons were either racially undifferentiated, or that they represented a race or races with their own combination of features unlike any found today."

[Nadvojvoda Janez Kranjski]