Notes- Ortega y Gasset (1999[1914]), pp. 72.
- A first article, by Juan Pablo Fusi, argued that it was the failure of the Spanish nationalist project to incorporate the peripheral nationalist elites that produced the birth and development of nationalism in various regions in Spain, namely Catalonia, the Basque Country, and Galicia. An opposing view, held by Borja de Riquer, argued that the reason why the Spanish nationalist project did not succeed was that it did not take into account other pre-existing forms of identity. See Borja de Riquer (1990) and Fusi (1990a; 1990b). Prior to the debate between Fusi and De Riquer, scholars had paid little attention to the topic of Spanish nationalism. During the 1980s, the few works on the subject were those of José María Jover Zamora (1984), Paloma Cirujano et al. (1985) and Andrés de Blas Guerrero (1989).
- For a view of Spanish nationalism as inflexible see Letamendía (2000). For a view in which Spanish nationalism is ‘given’ see Linz (1973).
- For the official PP postulates on constitutional patriotism see Pique and San Gil’s ‘El patriotismo constitucional del siglo XXI’, paper presented to the conservative party congress in January 2002.
- The Spanish Penal Code punishes mocks, calumnies, and injuries against the Crown and the use of the King’s image to damage royal prestige (Art. 490 and 491). The media is very careful with the treatment given to the royal family and it is guided by a strong and self-imposed code of conduct.
- According to an opinion poll conducted by the United Nations in June 2001, terrorism was the main social problem for 67 percent of Spaniards. Immigration was also considered a problematic issue by 21 percent of the population, in sharp contrast with the polls in 1996, which showed only 2 percent of Spaniards worried about immigration. El País, Madrid, 29 June 2001.
- In the same vein, José María Aznar joined the Vatican and Ireland in demanding a mention to Europe’s ‘Christian roots’ in the preamble of the European Constitution, showing the will to emphasize religious elements when defining political communities and, as in the case of Spain, to draw a cultural and historical line between the Christian and the Muslim worlds.
- See, for instance, the comments of Jaime Mayor Oreja, in El País, 31 March 2003.Ortega y Gasset (1999[1914]), pp. 72.
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