Racial Types of Finno-Ugrians and Eastbaltids
Mainly a summary of various posts on Dodona and elsewhere.
Finns are the result of mixture of various European and non-European groups according to classic anthropologists. I'm always speaking about phenotypical feature-combinations:
The elements which participated primarily are Nordid, Cromagnoid/Protoeuropid and Westsibirid-Mongoloid. The Nordid elements came mainly with Indoeuropeans of the Corded-Battle Axe and related groups to Finland and wheras Indoeuropeanised Finno-Ugrians in minority became Balts and Slavs, where Finno-Ugrians dominated Finns and Estonians came up (Baltic Sea Finns).
The basic element was Cromagnoid but partly mixed with Mongoloids, depending on the ratio and the selective pressure working on the elements more Europid or more part-Mongolid forms evolved out of that basic mixture of Nordid-Cromagnoid forms with Mongoloids = Osteuropid spectrum.
Largely unreduced and not Lappoid influenced basic Cromagnoid variants = Westbaltid; more borealised (adapted for cold and rather unfavourable conditions), brachymorphised, partly reduced, very slight Mongoloid influence possible = Baltid (standard). Stronger Borealisation, reduction, adaptation for very unfavourable conditions and more Lappoid influenced = Eastbaltid.
Lappoids themselves are the result of a mixture of reduced Cromagnoids which were pushed away by mobile groups coming from the South (first new, more progressive Cromagnoids which were still hunter and gatherers, later Indoeuropean Nordoids which were mobile farmers and strongly relied on animal husbandry, were partly just pastoralists) and had a higher ratio of Mongoloid admixture.
Westsibirids are an intermediate form with both Mongoloid and Europoid features and seem to have influenced parts of North Eastern Europe too.
The result is this racial composition of Finno-Ugrians:
Some argue that certain features are both rather primitive-protomorphic and/or cold adaptation without direct Mongoloid influence, but what I read recently convinced me of an influence which can be just called Mongoloid in the Comb-Ceramic group.
I think that the Pit-Comb-Ware culture was for Finno-Ugrians as important as Corded Ware-Battle Axe for Indoeuropeans and its quite sure that at least greater parts of this group were Finno-Ugrians. This explains why the Baltic Finns have so many words from Indoeuropeans too, because the Corded People, herder-farmer groups brought new social structures, techniques and ways of thinking to this basic hunter-gatherers.
Quote:
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The distribution of the found artifacts is approximately as follows: Finnmark (Norway) in the north, river Kalix (Sweden) and the Gulf of Bothnia (Finland) in the west and the river Wisla (Poland) in the south. In the east the Comb Ceramic pottery of North-Western Russia merges with a continuum of resembling ceramic styles ranging towards the Ural mountains. It would include the Narva culture of Lithuania and the Sperrings culture in Finland, among others. They are thought to have been essentially hunter-gatherers, though e.g. the Narva culture in Lithuania shows some evidence of agriculture. Some of this region was absorbed by the later Corded Ware horizon.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comb_Ce...e#Distribution
Compare:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture
Mongoloid admixture and tendencies were proven in parts of the Pit-Comb-Ware culture too. Eastern affinities are clear in some groups.
Corded/Fatjanovo reconstructions:
Inside the Nordoid range definitely. A basic, classic European form with very progressive and mature-virile traits.
Comparison of a) Uralic [Lappoid] and b) Europid:
More Lappoid Comb Ceramic people reconstructions:
The position of various prehistoric groups of North Eastern Europe on gradient from Europid to Mongolid:
Neolithic skulls, 1. LBK, 2. Corded, 3. Bell Beaker:
Neolithic clusters, Fatjanovo clusters with Central German Corded Ware people:
Both from I. Schwidetzky.
Some comments of Denisova, very important for the Cromagnoid component:
Quote:
At this time, facial width distinctly separated morphological forms in Northern Europe from those in the Mediterranean region -- two distinct geographic regions. Massive, broad-faced morphological forms dominated in northern and northeastern Europe, while gracile, narrow-faced forms are found most often in Middle Europe and the continent's southeastern reaches. During the Atlantic period, narrow-faced populations gradually moved in the northerly and northeasterly direction. They reached the Baltic region only during the Bronze Age. For this reason, during the Mesolithic and Neolithic period, people in the Baltic region (and surrounding regions) had broad faces, a fact which affirms their links to the late Paleolithic populations of Europe. This does not by any means suggest, however, that all of the Mesolithic and early Neolithic populations of Northern Europe were identical from the anthropological standpoint. At least two gradations of facial width (135-142 mm in one group and 144-150 in the other) can be found in this territory. Other characteristics for race specification, moreover, suggest that the most ancient residents of Latvia had several different morphological forms.
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Nevertheless it seems that the territory which in the Mesolithic period was populated by distinctly broad-faced individuals can be defined quite specifically. These inhabitants did not disappear over time. Their successors continued to inhabit Eastern Europe in the early Neolithic period, although their territory, possibly, diminished considerably. It is thought, for example, that these people were no longer present in Latvia during the Atlantic period.
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During the early Neolithic period, similar residents populated the Upper Volga and Upper Oka, the area in which the Upper Volga culture prevailed (unpublished data by the author). The same anthropological type was also found among early Neolithic residents of the Dnieper-Donetz culture of Ukraine (Gohman 1996;Konduktorova 1973). The large number of skulls found in this region provide a very complete understanding of the anthropological type of the massive, broad-faced (145-153 mm on average) inhabitants of the region, and they allow us to conclude firmly that such inhabitants existed in the Mesolithic and early Neolithic period. It is possible that residents of the same background also continued to populate Denmark (Stasevang, Kolderod, Dojringe) during the same period.
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http://vip.latnet.lv/hss/denisova.htm
Thats correct, Denmark at this time was more Cromagnoid too and this type evolved to modern Borrebies/Nordalpinoids.
There was a continuity from such Eastern European variants from Neolithic times to modernity f.e. in the Balticum. For Lithuania its said that on the countryside to this day the more Eastern regions are more Osteuropid ("Finnic", Cromagnoid-Lappoid) influenced and the West is Nordid of a kind we can observe in unmixed Fatjanovo and Balanovo skulls, with the later being mixed and Baltised later.
In most cases we see both peaceful assimilation and transfer and violence. Finally we are speaking about rather small unities, clan-size most of the time, maximal small tribes, which came in to contact. Its fully understandable that sometimes violence solved a potential conflict and in another case a rather peaceful contact dominated.
Concerning the relations to Indoeuropeans, both happened, Indoeuropeans "becoming" Finno-Ugrians and vice versa.
Compare with:
http://forum.skadi.net/showthread.php?t=37593
and
http://forum.skadi.net/showthread.php?t=54765